Ларрі Вульф - Винайдення Східної Європи - Мапа цивілізації у свідомості епохи Просвітництва

89. Fortis, p. 63.

90. Ibid., pp. 66–67, 70–75.

91. Ibid., pp. 77, 82.

92. Giovanni Lovrich, Osservazioni di Giovanni Lovrich sopra diversipezzi del Viaggio in Dalmazia del Signor Abate Alberto Fortis (Venice: Francesco Sansoni, 1776), pp. 79, 81, 116.

93. Torcellan, p. 288.

94. Ibid., pp. 290–291.

95. Fortis, p. 82.

96. Ibid., p. 83.

97. Ibid.

98. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, «Klaggesang: von der edlen Frauen des Asan Aga, aus dem Morlackischen, « Samtliche Werke, vol. I (Zurich: Artemis Verlag, 1977), p. 301.

99. Stephen Clissold, ed., A Short History of Yugoslavia (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968), p. 119.

100. Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, Giornale di un Viaggio da Costantinopoli in Polonia dell’abate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich (Milan: Giordano Editore, 1966), pp. 6, 37–38.

101. Fortis, p. 84; Cocchiara, pp. 135–140.

102. Fortis, p. 85.

103. Ibid., p. 86.

104. Ibid.

105. Desnos, «L’Europe divisée selon l’étendue de ses principales parties,» Paris, 1772 (Harvard); Ségur, Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur, vol. II, y кн.: Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle, vol. XX, éd. M. Fs. Barrière (Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859), p. 66.

106. Bittner, p. 60.

107. William Coxe, Travels in Poland and Russia, from Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 5th ed. (London, 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970), I, pp. 273–274.

108. Ibid., I, pp. 392–393.

109. Ibid., II, pp. 74–75.

110. Fortis, pp. 88–89.

Розділ восьмий

Залюднюючи Східну Європу

Частина 2. Відомості про звичаї та расову належність

1. Robert Arnold, Geschichte der Deutschen Polenlitteratur: von den Anfängen bis 1800 (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1900), p. 145.

2. Ibid., p. 52.

3. Ibid., p. 87.

4. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Briefwechsel, vol. I, ed. Hans Schulz (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967), pp. 171–175.

5. Arnold, pp. 8-15, 40–56; Wolfgang Wippermann, Der ’Deutsche Drang nach Osten’: Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981), p. 22.

6. Arnold, pp. 27–29, 31–33, 95–96.

7. Fichte, p. 175.

8. Ibid., p. 176.

9. Ibid., pp. 176-78, 181–183.

10. Joachim Christoph Friedrich Schulz, Reise nach Warschau: Eine Schilderung aus den Jahren 1791–1793, ed. Klaus Zernack, y кн.: Polnische Bibliothek (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1982), pp. 10–13, 2425, 32–33.

11. Ibid., pp. 348–349.

12. Michael Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988), pp. 2628, 105–107, 176–179.

13. Johann Gottfried Herder, Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, у кн.: Herders Werke, vol. IV, ed. Regine Otto (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982), p. 472.

14. Gerhard Steiner, Georg Forster (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1977), pp. 8-46.

15. Georg Forster, Briefe, у кн.: Werke, vol. IV, ed. Gerhard Steiner (Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1970), p. 320.

16. Arnold, pp. 108–109; Wippermann, p. 21.

17. Arnold, p. 109.

18. Ibid., pp. 113–114.

19. Georg Forster, «Noch etwas über die Menschenrassen,» у кн.: Forsters Werke, vol. I (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1968), pp. 3–4, 16–17.

20. Ibid., pp. 22, 25.

21. Ibid., p. 33.

22. Fichte, pp. 183–184.

23. Schulz, p. 370; Arnold, p. 90.

24. Schulz, pp. 40, 43, 68, 70, 136, 177–178.

25. Arnold, pp. 78, 119–121, 161, 167–177.

26. Ibid., pp. 127, 179–181.

27. Ibid., pp. 190–191.

28. Ibid., p. 161;Güssefeld,"Europa,» Nürnberg, 1794 (Harvard); Gussefeld, «Charte von Europa,» Nurnberg, 1798 (Harvard).

29. Arnold, p. 113.

30. Leopold Hoffmann, Grosse Wahrheiten und Beweise in einem kleinen Auszuge aus der ungarischen Geschichte (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1792), pp. ii, xi-xii, xvii, xxi, xxv.

31. Fichte, pp. 185–187.

32. Arnold, pp. 63, 144.

33. Fichte, p. 214.

34. Ibid., p. 196.

35. John Ledyard, John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia 1787–1788: The Journal and Selected Letters, ed. Stephen D. Watrous (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966), pp. 3-10.

36. Ibid., p. 19.

37. Ibid., pp. 123–124.

38. Mark Bassin, «Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century,» American Historical Review 26, no. 3 (June 1991): 767–770.

39. Dmitri von Mohrenschildt, Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936), pp. 112–114; Albert Lortholary, Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Boivin, 1951), pp. 191–197; Chappe d’Auteroche, Voyage en Sibérie, 4 vols. (Paris: Chez Debure, 1768).

40. Ledyard, p. 143.

41. Ibid., p. 144.

42. Ibid., pp. 145, 153, 156–158, 161.

43. Ibid., pp. 174, 177–178.

44. Ibid., pp. 178–180, 193.

45. Michèle Duchet, Anthropologie et Histoire au siècle des lumieres: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvétius, Diderot (Paris: François Maspero, 1971), p. 258; P. J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment (London: J. M. Dent, 1982), p. 246; David Hume, «Of National Characters,» у кн.: Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary: By David Hume, vol. I, ed. T. H. Green and T. H. Grose (London, 1882; rpt. Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1964), p. 252.

46. Ledyard, p. 127.

47. Ibid., pp. 144, 164, 177, 182, 194–195.

48. Ibid., pp. 145, 180.

49. Ibid., p. 257.

50. John Parkinson, A Tour of Russia, Siberia and the Crimea 1791–1794, ed. William Collier (London: Frank Cass, 1971), pp. 56, 63, 66, 98, 109, 118, 138.

51. Ibid., pp. 148, 151, 153, 188.

52. Ledyard, pp. 167, 252–253.

53. Ibid., p. 257.

54. Ibid., pp. 30–31.

55. Ibid., pp. 201–205.

56. Ibid., p. 210.

57. Ibid., p. 211.

58. Ibid., p. 223.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid., pp. 223–224.

61. Ibid., pp. 227–228.

62. Ibid., p. 228.

63. Ibid., pp. 228–229.

Висновки

1. Philippe-Paul, comte de Ségur, Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, trans. J. David Townsend (New York: Time/Life Books, 1965), pp. 43, 97.

2. Ibid., pp. 109, 228–231.

3. Astolphe, marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russin, trans, anonymous, intro. George Kennan (New York: Doubleday, 1989), pp. 123, 128.

4. Custine, Empire of the Czar, pp. 128, 155.

5. Custine, Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine, trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler, intro. Walter Bedell Smith (Washington, D.C.: Gateway Editions, 1987), pp. 7, 9, 11.

6. Ernst Birke, «Die franzosische Osteuropa-Politik, 1914–1918,» Zeitschrift für Ostforschung (1954, Heft 3), p. 322.

7. R. W. Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question (New York: Norton, 1972), pp. 75, 244, 267.

8. William M. Sloane, The Balkans: A Laboratory of History (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1914), p. vii.

9. Ibid., pp. viii, 3, 56.

10. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1965), pp. 33, 126; див. також: Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1981); та Domenico Caccamo, «Présupposa e obiettivi della storiografia sull’Europa orientale,» у кн.: Introduzione alla Storia della Europa Orientale (Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1991), pp. 9-21; та Larry Wolff, «French Policy Towards Eastern Europe During the First World War: From Dragon de l'Apocalypse to Cordon Sanitaire,» у кн.: Essays in History: The E. C. Barksdale Student Lectures (Arlington, Texas: Phi Alpha Theta, Univ. of Texas, 1980), pp. 177–190.