Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

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In 1745 a little-known German princess named Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst married the nephew of Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Seventeen years later she overthrew her husband to become Catherine the Great, one of the most celebrated monarchs in history, turning eighteenth-century Russia into arguably the largest and most powerful state since the fall of the Roman Empire.
Admired for her achievements and satirized for her personal life, she wrote the most revealing memoirs by any European ruler. She promoted radical political ideas and emphasized moderation in government. Ruthless when necessary, she charmed everyone she met, joking at private dinner parties in the Hermitage, which she had built for her own use. Determined to endear herself to the Russians, she made religious devotions in which she never believed.
Intimate and revealing, Simon Dixon’s new biography examines the lifelong friendships that sustained the empress throughout her personal life, and places her within the context of the royal court: its politics, its flourishing literature, and the very culture that became central to her exercise of absolute power.

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Golitsyn family 214

Golombiyevsky, Alexander 331

Golovin, Fëdor 191

Golovin Palace, Moscow 53, 54, 68, 88–9, 159, 160, 169, 170, 174, 176, 213

Golovina, Countess Varvara 315, 317, 318, 326

Gomm, William 166

Gorchakov, Prince A. M. 329

Gorodets 166

Gostilitsy 45, 82, 84, 88

Gostiny dvor, St Petersburg 128

Gotzkowsky, Johann Ernest 193, 194

Gould, William 300, 305, 314

Great Instruction ( Bolshoy Nakaz ) 67, 101, 156–7, 171–5, 182, 199, 266, 324, 325

Great Northern War (1700–21) 9, 25, 40

Grech, Nikolay 324

Greek project 206, 250, 263

Greeks, ancient 250

Greig, Admiral Samuel 202, 287, 290

Grétry, André: The Marriage of the Samnites 288

Greuze, Jean-Baptiste: The Paralytic, or the Fruits of a Good Education 193, 260

Gribovsky, Adrian 311

Grigoryev, Apollon 323

Grimm, Baron Melchior 26, 28, 176, 193, 194, 221, 230, 233, 261

correspondence with C see under Catherine II the Great

edits the Correspondance littéraire 222

a member of d’Holbach’s circle 222

matchmaker for Paul and Natalia 223

C’s repeated offers of jobs 223

C’s artistic purchases 262, 285

Gross Jägersdorf, battle of (1757) 105, 184

Grotius, Hugo 68

Grot, Academician 330

Gunning, Sir Robert 216, 217, 218, 222, 230, 232–3, 237–8

Gustav III, King of Sweden 217, 218, 247–8, 253, 265, 290, 293–4, 298, 308, 314

Gustav IV, King of Sweden 314

Guy Dickens, Colonel 99

Gyllenborg, Count Henning Adolf 67, 306

H

Habsburg family 33, 186

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 250

Halle 51

Hals, Frans: Young Man Holding a Glove 193

Hamburg 28, 39, 92, 306

Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles 18, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 143, 185, 332

Hanbury-Williams, Major General Sir John 332, 333

Handel, George Frideric: Scipio 62

Hanover, Elector of 142

Hård, Count Johann 3, 117–18

Hardouin Péréfixe de Beaumont, Paul Philippe 67

Hare Island, St Petersburg 41

Harris, Elizabeth 234

Harris, James 243, 246, 250, 253, 257, 266

Harris, James, senior: Hermes 250

hawking 69, 70, 133, 170

Helen (Alexander’s Greek nurse) 249

Hellfire Club 84, 93

Hendrikov, Count Andrey 60, 111

Hendrikov family 70

Henri IV, King of France 67, 302

Henry, Prince, of Prussia 34, 204–7, 212, 245

Herder, Johann Gottfried 32, 201

Hermitage, St Petersburg Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg 192–3

Hermitage Theatre 278, 280, 295, 297

Large Hermitage 260–61, 295

Small Hermitage 191–2, 230, 232, 236, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 269, 298, 302, 312, 334

Herrera, M. de la 257

Herzen, Alexander 322, 323, 329

Hesse-Darmstadt, Amalia of 220, 221

Hesse-Darmstadt, Louisa of 220

Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince Ludwig of 222, 245

Hesse-Homburg, Field Marshal the Prince of 47

Hesse-Homburg, Princess of (née Anna Trubetskaya) 92

Hitler, Adolf 332

Hofburg, Vienna 33

Hogland island 290

Hohenzollerns 332

Holstein, duchy of 56, 63, 101, 120, 124

Holstein-Beck, Prince of 117

Holstein-Gottorp, Anna Petrovna, Duchess of 35, 56, 104

Holstein-Gottorp, Georg Ludwig, Prince of (C’s uncle) 34, 35, 63, 115, 117, 123

Holstein-Gottorp, Karl August 35

Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Friedrich, Duke of 35, 49, 56

Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Peter Ulrich, Duke of 35

Holy Synod 21, 156, 165, 166, 167, 171, 308

Holy Trinity Cathedral, St Petersburg 42

Honourable Mirror of Youth, or a guide to social conduct, The 71

Horse Guards 6, 58, 123, 216, 221

Houdon, Jean-Antoine 261

Houghton Hall, Norfolk 261

House of Anhalt 25, 32, 60

House of Anhalt-Zerbst 33

House of Holstein 60

House of Holstein-Gottorp 35

House of Quarantine, St Petersburg 258

Huber, Jean 193

Hull, east Yorkshire 202

hunting 69, 70, 85, 170

Hyndford, Lord 58, 59, 99, 100, 222

I

ice hills 45–6

Iletsk 228

Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, St Petersburg 15, 109, 179, 261

Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg 68, 78, 86, 133, 162, 197, 225, 264, 275, 278, 294, 324–5, 326

Geographical Description of the River Volga 159, 162, 163, 166, 169

Imperial Assembly 133

Imperial Russian Historical Society 329, 330

Imperial Russian Public Library 133, 142

infant mortality 23

Inkerman 287

Ipatyevsky monastery 164

Irakly, King of Georgia 111, 112

Irkutsk 278

Isaac of Dalmatia, St 179

Isabella of Parma, Princess 36, 37

Ismail, Bessarabia, storming of (1790) 296, 297, 299, 300, 302

Istanbul see Constantinople Iushkevich, Amvrosy, Archbishop of Novgorod 52

Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow 5

Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Russia 5, 17, 18, 137, 155, 161, 229

Ivan V, Tsar of Russia 12

Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia 11–12, 13, 35, 91, 155

Ivanov, Timofey 181

Ivanov Square, Moscow 20

Izmailovo 80

Izmailovsky Guards 44, 123, 221, 234

J

Jacobinism 301

Jallabert, Professor Jean 141

Jankovich de Mirjevo, F.I. 248, 252

Jassy, Moldavia 203

peace of (1792) 203, 302, 303, 305

Jesuits 251

Jews

massacre of (Balta, 1768) 183

at Polotsk 251

Russia gains a significant number of Jewish subjects 309

John the Baptist, St 17, 150

John the Longsuffering 285

Jones, Inigo 138

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 6, 36, 37, 149, 169, 176, 184, 207, 219, 250, 252–3, 254, 261, 263, 264, 281, 286, 287, 289, 297, 308, 312

Juliana Maria of Brunswick, Queen of Denmark 30

Julius, Duke Heinrich 29

Justinian, Emperor 171

K

Kagul, battle of (1770) 209, 210, 211, 232

Kalachov, Grigory 62

Kalga Sultan 216

Kalmyks 279

Kamchadals 279

Kamensky, General 235

Kangxi, Emperor of China 19

Kaniev 287

Kant, Immanuel 38

Kar, General 228–9

Karamzin, Nikolay 322, 323, 327

Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia 325

Karazubazar 287

Karl I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 29, 30, 31

Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg 31

Kassel 260

Kaunitz, Chancellor 207

Kazakhs (Kirghizians) 228, 284

Kazakov, Matvey 214, 238

Kazan 17, 155, 159, 168, 233, 235, 322

Kazan Church (church of the Nativity of the Mother of God), St Petersburg 60, 66, 123, 127–8, 149, 197, 203, 221, 222, 235, 294

Kazan province 228, 229

Kaznakov, S.N. 331

Keith, Sir Robert 111–12

Kerch 239, 263

Keyserling, Count 186

Kharkov 286, 288

Kheraskov, Mikhail 7

Kherson 281, 287, 288, 294

Khitrovo, Guards Captain Fëdor 126, 145

Khodynka field, Moscow 239

Khoroshevo 170

Khotilov 55

Khotin 197, 198, 211

Khovansky, Prince Peter 140

Khrapovitsky, Alexander 279, 289, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 313, 328

Kiel 36

Kiev 53–4, 206, 281, 283–4, 286, 290

Kikina, Maria 323

Kinburn 239, 289

Kingston, Duchess of 304

Kirghizians see Kazakhs Klin 275

Klyuchevsky, Vasily 330

Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles 231

Kokshaisk 159

Kolomenskoye 80, 170, 288

Kolotov, Peter 322

Koludzhi 235

Königsberg, Prussia (later Kaliningrad, Russia) 25, 38

Konissky, Georgy, bishop of Mogilëv 221, 282

Konnaya estate 204

Korb, Hermann 29

Korf, Baron 122

Kornilovich, Alexander 327

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