Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

4. KfZh (1790), 301–2, 26 June 1790; Lopatin, 419, 28 June; Grimm, 493, 12 Sept.

5. Alexander, 281–2; Madariaga, 413–4; Lopatin, 426, 9 Aug. 1790.

6. Lopatin, 426, 9 Aug. 1790; KfZh (1790), 425–43; MP , iii: 83–4.

7. Runkevich, Aleksandro-Nevskaia Lavra , ii: 146; S. K. Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate: Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia, 1771–1806 (New York, 1982), 79–80 and passim .

8. Lopatin, 429, 29 Aug. 1790.

9. Stedingk, 21, 10 Oct. 1790 NS.

10. Khrapovitskii, 349, 1–5, 7 Oct. 1790.

11. Grimm, 500, 27 Sept. 1790.

12. Stedingk, 99, 17 Mar. 1791 NS; 23, 10 Oct 1790 NS.

13. Stedingk, 78, 8 Feb. 1791 NS; 33, 18/27 Oct. 1790.

14. Khrapovitskii, 350, 24 Oct. 1790.

15. Stedingk, 40, J. J. Jennings to G. de Franc, 13 Nov. 1790 NS.

16. KfZh (1790), 614.

17. Stedingk, 44–5, 26 Nov. 1790 NS.

18. SIRIO , xlii, 123–4; Stedingk, 45, 26 Nov. 1790 NS; Khrapovitskii, 350–1, 25, 29, 31 Oct., 1, 5, 6, 10 Nov. 1790.

19. Stedingk, 57–8, 29 Dec. 1790 NS.

20. V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov (M, 1992), 187–97; P. Longworth, The art of victory: The life and achievements of Field-Marshal Suvorov (London, 1965), 165–74.

21. Montefiore, 450 (Damas); A. V. Suvorov, Pis’ma , ed. V. S. Lopatin (M, 1986), 207, Suvorov to Potëmkin, 11 Dec. 1790.

22. Montefiore, 580, n. 22; Stedingk, 65, 14 Jan. 1791 NS.

23. A. Zorin, ‘Redkaia veshch’: ‘sandunovskii skandal’ i russkii dvor vremen Frantsuzskoi revoliutsii’, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie , 80 (2006), 91–110. See also, W. Rosslyn, ‘Petersburg actresses on and off stage (1775–1825)’, in St Petersburg 1703–1825 , ed. Cross, esp. 122, 140.

24. M. Duffy, The Englishman and the foreigner (London, 1986), 40, pl. 86.

25. A. Cross, ‘Catherine in British caricature’, in Catherine the Great and the British: A pot-pourri of essays (Nottingham, 2001), 33–8; Alexander, 289.

26. J. Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (Cambridge, 1994), 285–91.

27. Khrapovitskii, 359, 15 Mar. 1791; Madariaga, 417–9.

28. Stedingk, 112, 8 Apr. NS.

29. Khrapovitskii, 361, 7–8 Apr. 1791. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov , 228, ascribes these words to Potëmkin.

30. M. S. Anderson, Britain’s discovery of Russia 1553–1815 (London, 1958), 154–85.

31. Alexander, 289; Parkinson quoted in Cross, 328.

32. P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European politics 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), 81.

33. Stedingk, 103–4, 25 Mar. 1791 NS; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov , 215.

34. Tooke, iii: 365. On this influential work, see D. Griffiths, ‘Castéra-Tooke: the first Western biographer(s) of Catherine II’, SGECRN , 10 (1982), 50–62.

35. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 138–41.

36. Tooke, iii: 367–8.

37. Quoted in Wortman, Scenarios , 145.

38. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla , 126–7.

39. Stedingk, 137, 18 May 1791 NS; Grimm, 519, 29 Apr. 1791.

40. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla , 128–30; Madariaga, 424.

41. See R. Butterwick, ‘Political discourses of the Polish Revolution, 1788–1792’, English Historical Review , 120 (2005), 695–731.

42. Constitution quoted in J. Michalski, ‘The meaning of the Constitution of 3 May’, in Constitution and reform in eighteenth-century Poland , ed. S. Fiszman (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 271.

43. Madariaga, 420–44; Schroeder, Transformation of European politics , 83–6 (86).

44. Khrapovitskii, 371–2, 16 Aug. 1791.

45. Lettres de Cte Valentin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792 , ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 305, 12 Sept. 1791.

46. Lettres de Esterhazy , 288, 4 Sept. 1791; Grimm, 558, 16 Sept.; 560, 23 Sept; Khrapovitskii, 374–5, 16 Sept.

47. Lettres de Esterhazy , 301, 9 Sept. 1791.

48. Madariaga, 425–6.

49. Lopatin, C. to Potëmkin, 468, 16 Sept. 1791; 470, 30 Sept.

50. Tooke, iii, 385.

51. Lopatin, 470, C. to Potëmkin, 3 Oct; Potëmkin to C., 4 Oct.; Khrapovitskii, 374–6; Montefiore, 481–6.

52. Lettres de Esterhazy , 347, 29 Oct. 1791.

53. Suvorov, Pis’ma , 226–7, to D. I. Khvostov, [30 Oct.] and 12 Dec. 1791; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov , 224–7.

54. Khrapovitskii, 377, 12 Oct. 1791; Grimm, 561, 13 Oct.

55. Obshchii arkhiv Ministerstva Imperatorskago Dvora: Opisi domov i dvizhimago imushchestva kniazia Potemkina-Tavricheskago, kuplennykh u naslednikov ego Imperatritseiu Ekaterinoiu II (M, 1892), passim ; Montefiore, 344; Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate , 75–6.

56. Grimm, 605, 27 Aug. 1794.

57. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov , 81–102; A. G. Cross, ‘British sources for Catherine’s Russia: 1) Lionel Colmore’s Letters from St Petersburg, 1790–91’, SGECRN , 17 (1989), 31.

58. Parkinson, 37, 17 Nov. 1792.

59. Cross, 274–6.

60. SIRIO , xlii, 19 Jan. 1793.

61. Khrapovitskii, 346, 2 Sept. 1790; 405, 22 July 1792.

62. Madariaga, 412; Alexander, 281; KfZh (1796), appendix II, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18. Catherine translated Plutarch into Russian from the Latin, probably using one of the widely available Greek-Latin parallel editions of his work: see Khrapovitskii, 325, 331, 559.

63. The Memoirs of Catherine the Great , ed. and trans. Cruse and Hoogenboom, xlix—liv, ‘Introduction’ by Hoogenboom.

64. Grimm, 609, 29 Aug. 1794; SIRIO , xlii: 320–21, undated, 1792.

65. J. P. LeDonne, Absolutism and ruling class: The formation of the Russian political order 1700–1825 (New York, 1991), 21; idem , Ruling Russia , 350.

66. Proskurina, Mify imperii , 279–314.

67. Alexander, 286, 294–5, 321; Madariaga, 565–7; Parkinson, 48, 1 Dec. 1792 NS.

68. Cross, 79–81; Montefiore, 436–7, 576, n. 43; Khrapovitskii, 403, 6 July 1792.

69. Faggionato, Rosicrucian Utopia , 208–16; Madariaga, 527–30; Jones, Nikolay Novikov , 203–15.

70. Alexander, 305.

71. A. Cross, ‘Condemned by correspondence: Horace Walpole and Catherine “Slay-Czar”’, in Cross, Catherine the Great and the British , 25.

72. See, for example, R. Butterwick, ‘Deconfessionalization? The policy of the Polish Revolution towards Ruthenia, 1788–1792’, Central Europe , 6 (2008), 91–121.

73. R. H. Lord, The second partition of Poland: A study in diplomatic history (Cambridge, MA, 1915), 84–7, 512–16, remains the classic work. See also Eliseeva, Geopoliticheskie proekty , 272–89.

74. Quoted in Lord, Second partition , 307.

75. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics , 96, 104–5, 122–3.

76. Zavadovskii, 340, 15 Nov. 1794.

77. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics , 144–50; Madariaga, 441–51; Alexander, 319.

78. KfZh (1796), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18.

79. Grimm, 565, 14 Apr. 1792; 593, 11 Feb. 1794; 601, 3 Apr.

80. Marker, Publishing , 226–9.

81. ‘Kak gotovilos’ ekaterinoslavskoe dukhovenstvo k vstreche imper. Ekateriny II’, Kievskaia starina , 1887, no. 4, 797–8.

82. L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI-XVIII vv. , ed. N. B. Golikova (M, 1991), 185–9.

83. KfZh (1795), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, passim , quoted at 193–4 (Orlov); Grimm, 644, 25 Aug. 1795 (Suvorov); SIRIO , xlii: 256–7 (telescope).