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Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

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Название:
Catherine the Great
Автор:
Simon Dixon
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2009
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0-06-187179-5
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Catherine the Great: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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In 1745 a little-known German princess named Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst married the nephew of Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Seventeen years later she overthrew her husband to become Catherine the Great, one of the most celebrated monarchs in history, turning eighteenth-century Russia into arguably the largest and most powerful state since the fall of the Roman Empire.
Admired for her achievements and satirized for her personal life, she wrote the most revealing memoirs by any European ruler. She promoted radical political ideas and emphasized moderation in government. Ruthless when necessary, she charmed everyone she met, joking at private dinner parties in the Hermitage, which she had built for her own use. Determined to endear herself to the Russians, she made religious devotions in which she never believed.
Intimate and revealing, Simon Dixon’s new biography examines the lifelong friendships that sustained the empress throughout her personal life, and places her within the context of the royal court: its politics, its flourishing literature, and the very culture that became central to her exercise of absolute power.

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18. KfZh (1785), 340.

19. KfZh (1785), 354–5; Cross, 298.

20. KfZh (1785), 363–7.

21. Ségur, ii: 265–6.

22. D. V. Tsvetaev, ‘Ukazy i pis’ma Imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi’, Zhurnal ministerstva iustitsii (Dec. 1915), 195, C. to Viazemskii, 16 June 1785; Grimm, 342, 14 June.

23. KfZh (1785), appendix, 45.

24. Grimm, 344, 28 June 1785.

25. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 NS, quoted in M. R. Key, Catherine the Great’s Linguistic Contribution (Carbondale, IL, 1980), 62, an odd but not wholly negligible book.

26. SK , 6812; Madariaga, Short History , 99.

27. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov , 103–14.

28. SIRIO , xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, 8 June 1785.

29. Gerchuk, Bazhenov , 123–63.

30. Parkinson, 212, 19 Nov. 1792.

31. Madariaga, 524–5; McGrew, 195–6.

32. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780.

33. Zimmerman, 245–6, 17 Apr. 1786.

34. Pis’ma N.I. Novikova , eds. M. V. Reizin, et al (SPb, 1994), 42; Jones, Nikolay Novikov , 185–91; Marker, Publishing , 220–6; Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

35. Grimm, 372, 10 Nov. 1785.

36. Diderot, Oeuvres , ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 515, 546 (paras viii, lxxv).

37. Grimm, 372–3, 23 Nov. 1785.

38. Piliavskii, Kvarengi , 121.

39. Ibid., 64.

40. KfZh (1785), 704.

41. Piliavskii, Kvarengi , 122.

42. Khrapovitskii, 19 and 21 Apr. 1786.

43. MP , ii: 343; G. Seaman, ‘The national element in early Russian opera’, Music and Letters , 42 (1961), 260–1. Lettres de Cte Valetin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 318–9.

44. G. Moracci, ‘“Bolee truda nezheli smekha”: Pis’mo Ekateriny II L’vu Aleskandrovichu Naryshkinu’, Russian Literature , 52 (2002), 243–9.

45. L. D. O’Malley, The dramatic works of Catherine the Great: Theatre and politics in eighteenth-century Russia (Aldershot, 2006), 140–67.

46. Lopatin, 209, Potëmkin to C., 6 Oct. 1786.

47. Zimmerman, 244, C. to Dr Zimmerman, 10 Jan. 1786.

48. Grimm, 328, 17 Dec. 1786.

49. Sochineniia , iv: appendix, 189–219; Khrapovitskii, 163, 29 Sept. 1788; 167, 5 Oct.; 174, 15 Oct.

50. AKV , xxi: 467, Elisaveta Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 1 Jan. 1787.

51. Krapovitskii, 21, 17 Dec. 1786; Lopatin, 212, C. to Potëmkin, 18 Dec.; A. G. Brikner, ‘Zel’mira: epizod iz istorii tsarstvovaniia imperatritsy Ekateriny II’, Istoricheskii vestnik (1890), 277–303; 551–72.

52. Zavadovskii, 276–7, 26 Jan. 1783.

53. Bentham, iii: 310, S. Bentham to J. Bentham, 6/17 Sept. 1784; KfZh (1784), appendix, 71, 26 Sept.

54. ‘Pis’ma grafa A.R. Vorontsova k bratu ego grafu Semenu Romanovichu i ego supruge, 1783–1785’, AKV , xxxi: 463–4, 24 Oct., 1 Nov. 1784; Bezborodko, 279, 23 July 1785; Grimm, 333, 15 Apr. 1785.

55. Coxe, i: 245.

56. Khrapovitskii, 23, 17 Jan. 1787.

57. KfZh (1787), appendix: 5, C. to Ia. A. Brius, 17 Jan. 1787; Bychkov, 166, C. to N. V. Repnin, 16 Jan. 1787.

58. Istoricheskii ocherk Smolenska (SPb, 1894), 55–7.

59. Khrapovitskii, 23–4.

60. Slova i rechi Georgiia Koniiskago, Arkhiepiskopa Mogilevskago (Mogilev, 1892), 242.

61. Engelhgardt, 54.

62. Bentham, iii: 523, 525–6, J. Bentham to G. Wilson, 9/20 Feb. 1787.

63. AKV , xii: 35, P. V. Zavadovskii to A. R. Vorontsov, 8 Mar. 1787.

64. Ségur, iii: 31.

65. Lettere , 166, 30 Jan 1787.

66. Lettere , 167, 6 Feb. 1787.

67. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787; V. S. Ikonnikov, ‘Kiev v 1654–1855 gg.’, Kievskaia starina (Sept. 1904), 273.

68. Quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe , 127, 130.

69. Lettere , 175, 15 Mar. 1787.

70. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

71. Grimm, 393, 8 Feb. 1787; Khrapovitskii, 28, 20 Mar.; Montefiore, 357–62.

72. Khrapovitskii, 26, 22 Feb. 1787.

73. Archivo del General Miranda, Viajes: Diarios 1785–1787 (Caracas, 1929), ii: 256, 11 Feb. 1787.

74. Lettere , 170, 20 Feb. 1787; 175, 15 Mar.

75. Khrapovitskii, 24, 7 Feb. 1787. The abbess was the former Countess Anna Pavlovna Iaguzhinskaia.

76. Lettere , 169, 16 Feb. 1787.

77. Baedeker’s Russia 1914 (London, 1971 edn.), 381.

78. N. Ia. Ozeretskovskii, Puteshestvie po Rossii 1782–1783 , ed. S. Kozlov (SPb, 1996), 135, diary, 12 June 1783; Archivo del General Miranda , ii: 259, 15 Feb. 1787.

79. KfZh (1787), appendix.

80. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny , 145–6.

81. SIRIO , 23: 396, 2 Apr. 1787; ibid., 703–5, ‘Vedomost’ o den’gakh, perevodimykh k statskomu sovetniku baronu Grimmu’.

82. Khrapovitskii, 25–32, 15 Feb.—21 Apr. 1787; I. Reyfman, Ritualized violence Russian style: The duel in Russian culture and literature (Stanford, CA, 1999), 52–3.

83. Khrapovitskii, 32, 16 Apr. 1787; Madariaga, Short History , 207–8.

84. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny , 140–4 (142).

85. Lettere , 179, 1 Apr. 1787; Khrapovitskii, 30, 4 Apr.

86. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Spiski , 159.

87. A. M. Panchenko, ‘Potemkinskie derevni kak kul’turnyi mif’, XVIII vek , 14 (1983), 93–104.

88. SIRIO , xv: 105, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, 14 May 1787; Madariaga, 373. Kherson had actually been founded in 1778.

89. Ozeretskovskii, Puteshestvie , 131, diary, 22 May 1783.

90. O. I. Eliseeva, Geopoliticheskie proekty G. A. Potemkina (M, 2000), 191–216.

91. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla , ch. 4; A. Schönle, ‘Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s appropriation of the Crimea’, Slavic Review , 60 (2001), 1–23.

92. S. Dickinson, ‘Russia’s First “Orient”: Characterizing the Crimea in 1787’, Kritika , 3 (2002), 22–4; Khrapovitskii, 28, 14 Mar. 1787.

93. Khrapovitskii, 38–9, 8 June 1787; 40, 21 June.

94. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon , 48–9.

95. D. Smith, The Pearl: A true tale of forbidden love in Catherine the Great’s Russia (New Haven, CT, 2008), 75–84 (75).

96. Zimmerman, 251, 3 Dec. 1787.

97. Lopatin, 223, C. to Potëmkin, 24 Aug. 1787; 229–30, Potëmkin to C., 16 Sept; 232, Potëmkin to C., 24 Sept; 238, C. to Potëmkin, 2 Oct.; 240, C. to Potëmkin, 9 Oct.

98. Alexander, 264, 269; Madariaga, 396–405; Lopatin, 329, 16 Dec. 1788.

99. Khrapovitskii, 215, 18 Dec. 1788.

100. Madariaga, 401.

101. Lopatin, 300, C. to Potëmkin, 3 July 1788; 303, 17 July.

102. Madariaga 399–400, Montefiore, 360–1.

103. Khrapovitskii, 277, 21 Apr. 1789; Alexander, 219–21.

104. Lopatin, 355, C. to Potëmkin, 29 June 1789.

105. Madariaga, 540–1.

106. Lopatin, 372, Potëmkin to C., 22 Sept. 1789.

107. Lopatin, 379, C. to Potëmkin, 18 Oct. 1789.

108. A. Iu. Andreev, Russkie studenty v nemetskikh universitetakh XVIII—pervoi poloviny XIX veka (M, 2005), 182–208.

109. Madariaga, 541–5; C.’s notes in A. N. Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow , trans. L. Wiener, ed. R. P. Thaler (Cambridge, MA, 1958), 239–40, emphasis in the original.

Chapter 12

1. Khrapovitskii, 331, 3–4 May 1790; KfZh (1790), 217.

2. Khrapovitskii, 333, 23 May 1790.

3. KfZh (1790), 269; Zavadovskii, 329–30, 14 June 1790.