Richard Rhodes - The Making of the Atomic Bomb

nuclear fission and, 267–69, 271, 280–81, 288, 291, 293–96

Oak Ridge pile and, 547–48

Oppenheimer and, 206–7, 444, 468, 510–11, 565

ordnance and, 467

patents of, 504–5, 508

Pegram and, 293, 344, 396–97

pile studies of, 395–97, 400–401, 416, 428–29, 432–42, 462

radioactive warfare and, 510–11

Segré and, 205–6, 208, 210–12, 240–42, 352, 395, 434, 444, 567–68, 674

Szilard and, 280–81, 290–91, 298–303, 317, 331, 334, 338, 344–45, 374, 394–95, 442, 504–5, 508, 509

Teller and, 231–32, 374–75, 565

Trinity and, 652–53, 655, 664–65, 674, 677

Wigner and, 206, 440–42

Wilson and, 437

Fermi, Giulio, 205, 207, 242

Fermi, Laura Capon, 205, 207, 209, 212–13, 218–19, 294–95, 351–52

emigration of, 240–42, 248–50, 264–65, 429

Hanford piles and, 500, 556–59

Los Alamos and, 451, 455, 468, 564–66

on pile studies by husband, 400–401, 428–29

Trinity and, 674

Fermi, Maria, 205

Fermi, Nella, 213, 565–66

Fermi constant, 208

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 446

Feynman, Richard, 32–33, 35, 479, 611, 668

“field equations of gravitation, The” (Einstein), 169

Fifth Air Force, U.S., 596

Final Solution to the Jewish Question, 475, 482

fireball, 671–75

firebombing, 591–92, 596–97, 599–600, 627, 648

firestorms:

in Dresden, 593, 599

in Hamburg, 473–74

in Hiroshima, 719–27

Fischer, Emil, 78–80

509th Composite Group, U.S., 584–85, 589–90, 638–39, 679–81, 687

flamethrowers, 520, 699

Flanders, Donald (Moll), 566

Fleming, John A., 273

Flerov, George, 501

Flexner, Abraham, 186

Folkestone, bombing of, 97–98

Forager, Operation, 544

Forrestal, James, 742–43

Fowler, Eileen Rutherford, 158–59

Fowler, Ralph H., 158–59, 360

fractionation, 247

France, 179–80

Franck, James, 93, 126, 172, 191–92, 225, 329

Frankfurt, University of, 188

Frankfurter, Felix, 525–27, 531–32, 536–38, 562, 620

Franz Josef I, King of Hungary, 104, 106

Free French, 359, 521, 606

Fribourg, University of, 87

Frisch, Otto, 106, 185, 194, 204, 228, 243, 323–25, 330

Bohr and, 54, 114, 152, 190, 194, 225, 261–62, 264–66, 270, 612

Chadwick and, 155, 345, 346, 356, 522

critical-assembly studies of, 610–12, 613, 651

emigration of, 318–19, 522–23

Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 735–36

Houtermans and, 370–71

isotope-separation experiments of, 319, 322, 330, 339, 345, 580–81

at Los Alamos, 569, 610–12

Meitner and, 233–34, 257–65, 286, 318, 612

nuclear chain reactions and, 320, 322–24

on nuclear fission, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 286

Oliphant and, 318–19, 324–25, 329–30

Oppenheimer and, 614

Peierls and, 321–25, 329–30, 339, 355, 612

thorium experiments of, 283

Trinity and, 655

uranium research of, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 319–20, 322–23, 610–12

Fromm, Friedrich, 403–4

Fuchida, Mitsuo, 391–92

Fuchs, Klaus, 522, 568

Fukuda, Yukiro, 393

Fukushima family, 712

Fulton, Robert, 313

Fussell, Paul, 736

Galen, 29

Galicia, gas attacks in, 93

Gallipoli, Allied campaign at, 89, 95–97

Galvani, Luigi, 229

gamma radiation, 42, 159–62, 574

Gamow, George:

Bohr and, 198, 269–70

emigration of, 198–99

nuclear model of, 228 n

Teller and, 225, 269

thermonuclear reactions and, 370

tunnel-effect equations of, 149–50

Gamow, Rho, 198–99

gaseous-diffusion plants, 368–69, 380–81, 405–6, 485, 487, 489, 492–95, 500, 550, 552–54, 601–2

gas warfare, 90–95, 100–101, 358

Gatling, Richard Jordan, 101–2

Geiger, Hans, 67, 233, 296, 402

alpha scattering studied by, 48–49, 51 n

Bethe and, 188, 189

Chadwick and, 156

Rutherford and, 46–49, 158

Geiger counter, 158, 201, 210

Genereaux, Raymond, 604

Geneva Convention, 594

Gentner, Wolfgang, 201, 344

George VI, King of England, 338

George Washington University, 269

German Workers Party, 174–75

Germany, Imperial, 16, 93

Germany, Nazi, 26

anti-Semitism in, 26, 185, 188, 192, 249, 445, 475, 630

atomic bomb development in, 325, 385, 403–5, 406, 411–13, 417, 431–32, 446–47, 511–14, 517, 524, 605–10, 613

atomic secrecy and, 279–82, 290, 293–95, 345, 350

atrocities committed by, 475

British bombing targets in, 469–75, 592–93

concentration camps of, 249, 475, 630

Denmark occupied by, 481–84

Groves’s intelligence gathering in, 605–6, 607–8, 612–13

nuclear chain-reaction research in, 371, 383–86, 609–10

nuclear fission research in, 296, 301, 303, 311–12, 326–27, 329–31, 341, 343–46, 350, 402

Poland invaded by, 309–10

radioactive warfare and, 510–11, 512–13

Scandinavia invaded by, 328–29

Soviet counterattack and, 401–2, 469

Soviet Union invaded by, 367, 501

Stalingrad and, 482

Sudetenland seized by, 244–46

surrender of, 629–30

tactical bombing by, 341

uranium oxide liberated from, 607–9, 612–13

Vemork heavy-water installation and, 455–57

Germany, Weimer Republic of, 17, 22

anti-Semitism in, 17–18, 116, 168–70, 174, 182, 183–85, 188

economy of, 18, 22, 174

Gershwin, George, 566

Giant bomber, 100

Gide, André, 667

Girard, Henri, 521

Glenn L. Martin plant, 582

Goebbels, Joseph, 18, 184

Goethe, Johann von, 55, 166

Goldhaber, Maurice, 244, 246

Goldschmidt, Bertrand, 579, 605

Golovin, Igor, 501

Gomorrah, Operation, 472

Göring, Hermann, 25, 402–3

Gotha bomber, 98–99

Göttingen, 126–27

Goudsmit, Samuel, 524, 606–7, 609

Grant, Ulysses, S., 521

Great Britain:

atrocities committed by, 475, 592–93

German cities targeted by, 469–75, 592–93

nuclear research in, 329–30, 334, 339–41, 350–51, 359–63, 367–69, 371–72, 375, 377–78, 382, 485

strategic bombing campaign of, 469–76

U.S. atomic collaboration with, 357–59, 500, 523–24, 526–27, 537, 543–44, 546, 655

Vemork sabotage operations and, 455–57, 468, 515

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 392

Greenwalt, Crawford:

at CP-1, 439, 442

Hanford piles and, 498, 546, 556–58

Greisen, Kenneth, 668

Grew, Joseph C., 518–20

Grosse, Aristide von, 220, 332–33

Grosz, George, 17

group theory, 187

Groves, Leslie R.:

administration of atomic bomb project and, 424–25, 427–28, 431, 447–49, 453, 476–77, 522–23, 743, 745

on B-29s, 585–86

background of, 425–26

blockbuster program and, 589–90, 591

Bohr and, 523

Bush and, 426–27, 477

Clinton and, 487, 490, 602

Compton and, 503

Conant and, 601, 669

Condon’s conflict with, 468

directive for atomic bomb release drafted by, 691–92

electromagnetic isotope separation and, 489–92, 495, 602

Farrell and, 699

gaseous diffusion and, 492–96, 602

German intelligence gathering and, 605–6, 607–8, 612–13

Hanford piles and, 559–60

Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 734–35

implosion experiments and, 542, 576

Interim Committee and, 630, 633–34, 641–42, 646

Kirkpatrick and, 679–80

Kistiakowsky and, 542

Lawrence and, 448, 491

liquid thermal diffusion and, 552–53

Los Alamos and, 449, 450–51, 453–54, 459–60, 465, 564, 567, 570