Edwin Black - IBM and the Holocaust

31. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

32. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

33. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond . (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 87.

34. Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995), pp. 90, 345; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 87; see James W. Cortada, Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 201.

35. Pugh, pp. 95, 347-348; Cortada, p. 201.

36. Pugh, p. 94; also see “U.S. Ousts Five Aniline Executives,” NYT , January 14, 1942.

37. Pugh, pp. 91-92; Watson Jr., p. 112.

38. Pugh, pp. 91-92, 347 fn13; Charles M.Province, “IBM Punch Card Systems in the U.S. Army,” www.members.aol.com/PattonsGHQ; Letter, J.T. Senn to Thomas J. Watson, April 26, 1945, IBM Files.

39. “Heads Unit of Logistics of Business Machines,” NYT , May 7, 1942; also see Pugh, pp. 91, 346.

40. Letter and Attachments, A. Cranfield to Travis, January 31, 1941, PRO HW 14/11 Government and Cipher School: Directorate, WWII Policy Papers.

41. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 112; Pugh, pp. 98-101, 348-349fn.

42. Cortada, pp. 201-202, 320; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see Letter and Attachments, A. Cranfield to Travis, January 31, 1941, PRO HW 14/11 Government and Cipher School: Directorate, WWII Policy Papers; also see List of Documents on Use of Machines for Crypto Purposes, Politisches Archiv, N Series to Cryptographic Office, pp. 14, 29, 50.

43. Pugh, pp. 93, 347fn; also see Thomas G. Belden and Marva R. Belden, The Lengthening Shadow. The Life of Thomas J.Watson (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 209.

44. “Watson Tells of War Orders,” NYT , March 15, 1942; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 113.

45. “IBM Punch Card Systems in the U.S. Army,” p. 5; Cortada, p. 201.

46. “Census Plan Hailed by Mrs. Roosevelt,” NYT, March 27, 1940.

47. William Seltzer and Margo Anderson, After Pearl Harbor: The Proper Role of Population Data Systems in Time of War, draft unpublished, March 28, 2000, p. 5.

48. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 5; “New Policy on Interned Japanese Urged by Senate Military Affairs Committee,” NYT , May 8, 1943.

49. Seltzer and Anderson, pp. 6-7.

50. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 7.

51. Seltzer and Anderson, pp. 7, 24; also see William Seltzer, “Population Statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials,” Population and Development Review 24 (September 1998): 511-522, 525; also see H.W. Methorst, “The New System of Population Accounting in the Netherlands,” Journal of the American Statistical Association (1936): 719-722, (1938): 713-714.

52. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 10.

53. “Chronology of the Japanese American Internment”; www.clpef.net/9066.html; 1944, Entries, pp. 2, 4, www.clpef.net/chrono.html.

54. “Chronology of the Japanese American Internment,” 1945, Entry, p 4, www.clpef.net/9066.html.

55. “Watson Says Defense Is First Consideration,” NYT, January 2, 1941; “Advertising News,” NYT , November 17, 1942.

56. “Mobile Shows on Tour,” NYT , July 4, 1941.

57. “Foresees Success in Preparedness,” NYT, July 15, 1941.

58. “Mrs. Roosevelt Urges All Women to Knit,” NYT , October 1, 1941.

59. Full Page IBM Advertisement, NYT , January 5, 1942.

60. “Young Won’t Run for Governorship,” NYT, June 22, 1942.

61. H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

62. H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

63. Harold Ungar, “Confidential Memorandum NY-356: The Use of Standardized Accounting and Business Machines in the German Economy,” June 28, 1944, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

64. H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, Interview of J.W. Schotte, September 15, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-287 to Brigadier General Betts,” December 14, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section; NA RG60; also see Civil Affairs Guide, Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany, No.13-123, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memo 249-D re: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Harold Ungar, “Confidential Memorandum NY-356: The Use of Standardized Accounting and Business Machines in the German Economy,” June 28, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

1. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, NA RG226; “Oral Testimony of Jean Frederic Veith,” The Avalon Project: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Vol. 6, January 28, 1946, cited in www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon.

2. Letter and Attachment, Arbeitseinsatz Mauthausen to Arbeitseinsatz Ravensbruck, November 27, 1944, CAEN; Georgia Peet-Taneva, Telephone Interview by Author, November 29, 1999; also see “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” pp. 202, 203, 204.

3. Johannes Tuchel, Die Inspektion der Konzentrationslager 1938-1945 (Berlin: Hentrich, 1994), p. 124; Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith, p. 202; also see Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945, p. 3, PRO TS 26/903.

4. Letter, Arbeitseinsatz Ravensbruck to Kommandantur Concentration Camp Flossenburg, October 14, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/ Roll 17 JAG; see Letter, Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Ravensbruck to Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Flossenburg, September 1, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/Roll 17 JAG Frame 030201; see Tuchel, p. 124; also see Letter, G. Maurer to R. Hoess, September 4, 1943, cited in Tuchel, p. 128.

5. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, PRO WO 208/4296; see Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 118; Affidavit of Rudolf Hoess, p. 2, U.S. Army Interrogation Division, NA RG238; Letter, G. Maurer to R. Hoess, September 4, 1943; cited in Tuchel, p. 128; “Inspection of German Concentration Camp for Political Prisoners Located at Buchenwald,” April 16, 1945, Appendix A, p. 2, PRO FO 371/51185; Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” circa 1945, p. 20, PRO FO 371/46796; see Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945 (New York: Arnold, 1997), p. 102.