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Edwin Black - IBM and the Holocaust

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Название:
IBM and the Holocaust
Автор:
Edwin Black
Издательство:
Dialog Press
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2009
Город:
Washington, DC
ISBN:
978-0914153108
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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IBM and the Holocaust: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Published to extraordinary praise, this provocative international bestseller details the story of IBM’s strategic alliance with Nazi Germany.
provides a chilling investigation into corporate complicity, and the atrocities witnessed raise startling questions that throw IBM’s wartime ethics into serious doubt. Edwin Black’s monumental research exposes how IBM and its subsidiaries helped create enabling technologies for the Nazis, step-by-step, from the identification and cataloging programs of the 1930s to the selections of the 1940s.

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12. Encyclopaedia Judaica , s.v. “Rumania,” p. 400; Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), pp. 57, 58.

13. Ioanid, pp. 57, 58, 111, 170, 196; “Jews Moved From Pruth Area,” NYT, July 6, 1941.

14. Ioanid, p. xxi; Friedrich Burgdorfer, “Die rumanische Volkszahlung 1941: Ein Reisebericht,” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv 30 (1941/42): 302, 303, 310.

15. Burgdorfer, p. 318.

16. Burgdorfer, pp. 302, 304-306, 307-311; also see Letter, Ludwig Hummer to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 3, IBM Files.

17. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 3, IBM Files.

18. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files.

19. Burgdorfer, pp. 305, 306, 307, 310, 312, 320.

20. Burgdorfer, pp. 307, 309-310.

21. Burgdorfer, p. 315.

22. Burgdorfer, pp. 307, 310.

23. Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa 1940, IBM Files.

24. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to Thomas J. Watson, October 9, 1941, p. 4, IBM Files.

25. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 16, 1942, NA RG84.

26. Ioanid, pp. 63-64, 64-65.

27. Ioanid, pp. 71-74, 80-90.

28. Ioanid, p. 276; Yitzhak Arad et al., eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union, transl. Lea Ben Dor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981; Bison Books, 1999), p. 254.

29. Ioanid, p. 242, 276.

30. Ioanid, pp. 242-243, 245.

31. Arad et al., p. 506.

32. Ioanid, p. xxi.

33. “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organizations, Roumania,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131; Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa Spring 1940, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

34. Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa Spring 1940, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

35. Letter, W.C. Lier to D.J. Reagan, June 18, 1942, NA RG84.

36. Letter, J.K. Huddle to W.C. Lier, June 23, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to J.K. Huddle, June 30, 1942, NA RG84.

37. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Card Production and Sales Statistics,” circa 1943, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “Inventory of Card Printing Machinery in Foreign Countries as of December 1, 1941,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “List of Card Consumption, 1938,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

38. Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, September 18, 1944, NA RG84; Telegram, Harrison to American Embassy London, October 5, 1944, NA RG84; Letter, D.J. Reagan to P.C. Squire, September 22, 1944, NA RG84; Telegram, Secretary of State to Monetary Research Department, October 20, 1944, NA RG84. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 1085.

39. Letter, R. Bachofen to I. Berindei, February 15, 1945, NA RG84.

40. Letter, R. Bachofen to I. Berindei, February 15, 1945, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.

41. “Rumania Pleased by Treaty Terms,” NYT , August 3, 1946; “Rumania Asks Relief,” NYT, November 16, 1946.

42. “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, William R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO; Letter, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR.

43. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), pp. 547-548; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979) p. 478.

44. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , p. 481; also see Gilbert, pp. 547-548.

45. Gilbert, p. 547; Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 474, 475, 478, 479; Memorandum of Meeting between von Ribbentrop and Popov, November 26, 1941, p. 1, NA RG238, T-1139, Reel 38, Frames 298-314.

46. “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organization, Bulgaria,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84.

47. Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84.

48. Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84.

49. Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84.

50. Letter, J.K. Huddle to W.C. Lier, June 22, 1942, NA RG84.

51. Letter, J.K. Huddle to Cordell Hull, June 22, 1942, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.

52. Letter, W.C. Lier to J.K. Huddle, July 3, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, D.J. Reagan to W.C. Lier, July 9, 1942, NA RG84; also see Memorandum, G. Tait to D.J. Reagan, July 8, 1942, NA RG84.

53. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, W.R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO; Note, P.C. Squire to J.K. Huddle, January 20, 1945, NA RG84; also see Letter, L.J. Clairis to American Legation, Bern, April 20, 1945, NA RG84.

54. Note, Luther via Weizsacker to von Ribbentrop, September 11, 1942, NA NG 2582 cited in Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 480-481; Letter, Luther to Weizsacker, September 24, 1942, NA NG 1517 Legal and Trade Political divisions, cited in Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 481.

55. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , p. 482.

56. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , p. 482; see two photos cited in www.motlc.wiesenthal.com/gallery/pg17/pg0/pg17054.htmland 17052.

57. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , p. 482; Gilbert, p. 655.

58. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , p. 482; train photo cited in http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/gallery/pg17/pg0/pg17052.html; see Encyclopaedia Judaica , s.v. “Bulgaria,” pp. 1486-1487.

59. Gilbert, p. 526.

60. Letter, R. Bachofen to P. Datsoff, February 14, 1945, pp. 1, 2, NA RG84.

61. “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, William R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO.

62. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 14-15, IBM Files.

63. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 1, 13, IBM Files; Letter and Attachment, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR; “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organizations, Poland,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131.