Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

Miscamble, Wilson D. George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.

National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects. NSC 10/2, June 18, 1948. Top Secret.

Poppe, Nikolai. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, first release, Box 41.

Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Knopf, 1979.

Proposal for the Establishment of a Guerilla Warfare School and a Guerilla Warfare Corps. NA, RG 319, Joint Strategic Plans Committee, JSPC 862/3, P&O 352 TS (Section 1, Case 1), Box 79. Top Secret.

Psychological Operations. National Security Council NSC 4A, December 9, 1947. Top Secret.

Rein, Leonid. The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia During World War II. New York: Berghan Books, 2011.

Ruffner, Kevin Conley, “Belorussians, 60 Minutes, and the GAO’s Second Investigation.” Chap. 18 in Eagle and Swastika.

——. “Could He Not Be Brought to This Country and Used?” Chap. 7 in Eagle and Swastika.

——. “A Valuable Man Whom We Must Control.” Chap. 10 in Eagle and Swastika.

Screening of Lodge Bill Personnel for Special Forces Activities. NA, Classified Decimal File 1948–50, 342.18, Box 3659, April 13, 1954. Box 3659.

Sher, Neal, Aron Goldberg, and Elizabeth White. Robert Jan Verbelen and the United States Government: A Report to the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice. OSI Report, June 16, 1988.

Simpson, Blowback.

State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee. Actions and Decisions 1947–1949. NA, RG 334, Boxes 5–7, 11–12, and 14–17.

——. Numbered Papers Security Classified 1944–1949. NA, RG 335, Box 29.

——. P1-Actions and Decisions 1947–1949. NA, RG 0334, Interservice Agencies, Boxes 1–9.

——. SANAAC 395, March 17, 1948; and SANAAC 395/1, May 25, 1948. All Secret.

State Department Policy Planning Staff Papers. New York: Garland, 1983.

Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared — The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Training of Individuals and Units of the Army in Special Forces Operations… To: Chief of Army Field Forces, Fort Monroe, Virginia. NA, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, AG553, Box 8, July 16, 1951. Top Secret.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law. GAO Report on Nazi War Criminals in the United States. 99th Cong., 1st sess., October 17, 1985.

——. Senate. Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Final Report: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence: Book IV. 94th Cong., 2nd sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

Use of European Nationals in U.S. Occupation Forces. NA, RG 335, State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC) 222, Box 16, November 15, 1945. Secret.

Utilization of Refugees from the Soviet Union in U.S. National Interest. PPS 22/1, March 11, 1948.

Vakar, Nicholas P. Belorussia: The Making of a Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.

Winks, Robin W. Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961. New York: Morrow, 1987.

Zaprudnik, Jan. Belarus: At a Crossroads in History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.

314 “The Nazi Connection.” 60 Minutes, CBS, May 16, 1982.

315 “Mr. Loftus persistently made”: Feigin, 361.

316 “Totally inadequate”: 1985 AAO Report/Hearing. 316 “The action of U.S. Intelligence”: Ibid., 56.

316 “No one had the faintest idea”: Loftus, The Belarus Secret, 4.

316 The declassification process of 400 million pages: Peter Finn, “Archives’ Major Task: Declassification,” WP, Dec. 4, 2011.

317 “Defense material NOT cleared”: Loftus, America’s Nazi Secret, 244.

318 “Mayors, governors and other officials”: Loftus, The Belarus Secret, 6.

318 Loftus’s OSI reports are still classified. As a result, it is not known how many Belorussian quislings he investigated and who they were. It is known that he asked the CIA for files on Emanuel Jasiuk, Jan Avdzej, Radoslaw Ostrowsky, Frank Kushel, George Sabolewski, John Kosiak, and Dr. Nicholas Scors. Ruffner, chap. 18, 2.

318 OSI was about to file a denaturalization action against Jan Avdzej (John Awsziej), a regional mayor in Belorussia, when he voluntarily left the United States in 1984 for Germany. He admitted that he “carried out the orders of Nazi occupation authorities.” OSI flipped Basil Artischenko. He agreed to help investigate fellow Belorussian quislings if OSI dropped charges against him. From Feigin, who lists OSI investigations and outcomes in her appendix.

320 “Of a highly confidential nature”: Ibid., 117. According to a 1951 FBI report on Jasiuk, the two State Department representatives were C. E. Collier and Arndt Wagner. “These men were aware of his background in the Byelorussian Central Council during the war years.” Stanley A. Lewczyk memo to Internal Security, #100–34393 MHM, September 14, 1951, NA, RG 65, Box 62.

321 “Not to arrest”: According to the FBI memo cited above, the FBI knew Jasiuk was a war criminal: “Subject became well known for his cruelty and persecution of the Polish populace in the area and was responsible for sending many persons to forced labor in Germany. In 1942, during the liquidation of the Polish intelligentsia, subject submitted a list… to the [SD] and, as a result, a number of these persons were shot.”

322 Description of CIA’s response to Loftus is from Ruffner, chap. 18, 6–9.

322 It had 3,500 separate files: Ibid., 11.

323 “It’s bad history”: Feigin, 362.

325 “The policemen were sitting on top”: Dean, 48.

325 “A prominent role in the persecution”: Rein, 138.

326 “The Germans made it clear”: Ibid., 132. 326 “In most cases”: Ibid., 402.

328 “Over the next two years”: Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 287.

328 For background on Wisner see: Thomas, Hersh, Powers, Miscamble, Mickelson, and “Frank Gardiner Wisner Dead; Former Top Official of C.I.A.” NYT, Oct. 30, 1965.

328 “Secretive, insular, elitist”: Thomas, 17. The description of Wisner draws heavily on the work of Thomas.

330 “To initiate and conduct”: NSC 4A, #2.

330 “Promptly begin in Free Europe”: SANAAC 395, March 17, 1948, recommendation two.

331 “Fifty aliens”: PPS 22/1, March 4, 1948, recommendation two.

331 “Conducting espionage and counter espionage”: NSC 10/2, June 18, C1948, #2.

331 For a discussion of the power struggle over OPC, see Darling’s internal history of the CIA, “OPC,” 55–69; also Gaddis and Miscamble.

331 “An instrument of U.S. Policy”: Miscamble, 109.

331 “Operate independently”: NSC 10/2, 3c.

332 Guerilla Warfare School: “Proposal for the Establishment of a Guerilla Warfare School,” J.C.S. 1807/1, August 17, 1948.

332 Authorize the FBI and CIA to work together: NSCID No. 14, number one, March 3, 1950.

332 “In the case of those who are excludible”: SANAAC 395/1, May 25, 1948, p. 8. Top Secret.

333 “Extralegal character”: Miscamble, 110.

333 “Membership in the SS”: Sher et al., 387.

333 “We would have slept:” l985 GAO report, 15.

333 “Who had a new idea every ten minutes”: Powers, 93.

333 OPC was managing seventeen: Hersh, 319. Also Ruffner, chap. 10, 4.