Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

333 “Wisner pragmatically overloaded the books”: Ibid., 5.

334 “Was so influential that the government”: Ibid., 287.

334 The Organization was a secret intelligence group established by the War Department and run by John V. Grumbach, an army officer. The State Department took it over in September 1947 and the CIA took it over in April 1951. The organization folded in 1954.

334 Project Solarium: See memorandum by the President to the Secretary of State…Subject: Project Solarium, May 20, 1953. Top Secret. The memo is reproduced in Foreign Relations, 1952–1954, vol. 2, 341–42.

335 An initial 250 Nazi collaborators: Simpson, 100–1.

335 “They were the cream of Nazi collaborators”: Ibid., 150.

335 Poppe and Hilger are based on Simpson, Ruffner (chap. 7), and their CIA files in NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files.

335 “Played leading roles in Nazi Germany”: Ruffner, 7.

337 To wave its required examination: Ibid., 17.

337 “The fact that the Office of Policy Coordination”: Ibid., 24.

338 “Special consideration”: Alien Enlistment Program, 6.

338 The army estimated its Guerilla Army requirements as: AG 553, no. 4, p. 1.

338 Provided the following estimates: SWNCC 222, p. 2.

338 The description of the role of the guerilla-army-in-waiting is from Simpson, chap. 10, “Guerillas for World War Three.”

339 He asked for authorization to bring 15,000: This and other Bloodstone descriptions are from Simpson, chap. 8, “Bloodstone.”

340 “Organizers, fomenters, and operational nuclei”: Proposal for the Establishment of a Guerilla Warfare School, J.C.S. 1807/1, “Enclosure B,” # 2.

340 “The entry for Liber Pokorny, for example”: Screening of Lodge Bill Personnel.

340 The National War College, and the State Department: Proposal for the Establishment of a Guerilla Warfare School, J.C.S. 1807/1, “Enclosure A,” 16.

340 “The primary interest in guerilla warfare”: Proposal for the Establishment of a Guerilla Warfare School, J.C.S. 1807/1, “Enclosure A,” 15.

341 A series of classified, top secret records of Camp Kilmer: Screening of Lodge Bill Personnel.

341 “Some of these guys”: Ibid.; see also 158–75.

341 The biggest mistake he ever made”: Miscamble’s interview with Kennan, 109.

341 “It didn’t work out at all the way”: Anne Karalekas, “History of the Central Intelligence Agency,” in Final Report: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence: Book IV, U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations. 26n.

These chapters are based on more than eight thousand pages of transcripts from Demjanjuk’s Jerusalem trial. All trial quotes come from the transcripts. Italics are the author’s.

John Demjanjuk. Israeli court decision.

Demjanjuk, John. Letter to Mark J. O’Connor, June 30, 1987.

——. Letter to the Honorable District Court of Jerusalem, June 30, 1987.

Feigin, “Case Studies of Bohdan Koziy and Harry Maennil.” The Office of Special Investigations.

Frankel, Glenn. “Demjanjuk Trial Caught in Dispute Over Defense.” WP, July 16, 1987.

Friedman, Thomas L. “War Crimes Trial in Turmoil On Move to Change Lawyers.” NYT, July 13, 1987.

Loftus, Elizabeth. Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

NYT and JP, 1987–1993.

O’Connor, Mark J. Letter to the Honorable District Court of Jerusalem, July 14, 1987.

——. Letter to the Honorable District Court of Jerusalem, July 17, 1987.

Ryan, Quiet Neighbors.

Schelvis, Jules. Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Translated by Karin Dixon. New York: Berger Publishers, in association with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2007.

Segev, Tom. The Seven Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.

Sheftel, Defending Ivan the Terrible.

Teicholz, The Trial of Ivan the Terrible.

Wagenaar, Willem A. Identifying Ivan: A Case Study in Legal Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

345 “Kiss the ground of the Holy Land”: A.E. Ilan, “Ex-Nazi Arrives in Israel for Trial,” CT, March 1, 1986.

345 “They don’t understand”: Teicholz, 82.

346 “A dust of indifference has settled”: Annette Dulzin, “Israel, Don’t Try Nazis,” NYT, May 6, 1984.

346 “Enough! We know it already”: Jonathan Broder, “Ivan a Terrible Bore to Israelis,” CT, Feb. 18, 1987.

347 The Koziy account is taken from Ryan and Feigin.

348 “Historic justice”: Ilan. The survivor’s name is Mordechi Fuchs.

349 “That Israel does not have to feel”: Thomas Friedman, “Treblinka Becomes an Israeli Obsession,” NYT, March 13, 1987.

349 “Restaging a funeral in order to add”: Dulzin, NYT, May 6, 1984.

352 There was no defense team: Based on Sheftel, who details the bickering, confusion, secrecy, lack of planning, and friction among defense attorneys. See also Frankel, Friedman, Mark O’Connor, and John Demjanjuk, op. cit.

354 Israeli school children loved him: “Three Lawyers in Israel Entwined Over ‘Ivan the Terrible,’” CPD, May 17, 1987.

360 The description of Sheftel comes from: Francis X. Clines, “An Israeli Lawyer Dares Defend an Accused Nazi,” NYT, March 2, 1987; CPD, May 17, 1987; and Cleveland Jewish News, Feb. 13, 1987.

361 Sheftel’s thoughts and observations about Judge Levin come from his own account of the trial in Defending Ivan the Terrible.

361 “Kapo, Nazi…. piece of filth”: Sheftel, 9.

365 “This is probably the last time”: Friedman, “Treblinka Trial Becomes an Israeli Obsession.”

366 “I want her to hear something that”: Ibid.

366 “You’re a liar”: Jonathan Broder, “Nazi War Crimes Trial Underway,” CT, Feb. 17, 1987.

371 “No way will I cross-examine”: CPD, May 17, 1987.

373 “Every nation has its heroes”: Michael Dobbs, “Nazi Trial Rekindles Émigré Groups’ Tensions,” WP, March 24, 1987.

373 “People talk about how we Ukrainians”: Ibid.

373 “This case has created”: Ibid.

373 “My concern is that when”: Rogers Worthingon, “‘Ivan’s’ Trial Opens Old Wounds,’” CT, April 19, 1987.

373 “It is not only John on trial”: Ibid.

379 “It is very frustrating that after five months”: Quoted by Thomas Friedman in “War Crimes Trial in Turmoil on Move to Change Lawyers,” NYT, July 13, 1987.

380 “Ed and I spent a lot of time”: Sheftel, 91–92.

380 The defense had no defense: Ibid.

382 “I don’t understand why the court”: Ibid., 77–78.

383 “I would never buy a used car”: Ibid., 17.

383 “You’re fired.”: Ibid., 109.

384 “Impartial, huh?”: Teicholz, 183.

386 He considered them to be ant-Semitic goyim: Sheftel, 118.

388 Disbarment of O’Connor: Matter of Mark J. O’Connor, an Attorney, Respondent… Grievance Committee of the Eighth Judicial District, Petitioner. Supreme Court of the State of New York, Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department, December 30, 2004.

393 “They have humiliated me in front of”: Yediot Ahronot, Aug. 14, 1987.

395 Made his direct testimony worthless,” Sheftel, 157.

399 There is some confusion about what kind of pills Pritchard took and how many. A Reuters story in the NYT reported that she had consumed fifty aspirin and cut her wrists (“A Witness for Demjanjuk Reported to Try Suicide,” Aug. 22, 1987). Sheftel reported that she had consumed pain pills and tranquilizers but said nothing about slitting her wrists. Since Sheftel is not always reliable, the report in NYT/Reuters seemed a better choice.