Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

Teicholz, The Trial of Ivan the Terrible.

“Teicholz Collection.” U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum archives.

265 Background information on Mark O’Connor and John Gill comes from Teicholz.

266 “It took me almost six months”: “Three Lawyers in Israel Entwined Over ‘Ivan the Terrible,’” CPD, May 18, 1987. Also: Teicholz interview with O’Connor, April 30, 1987, “Teicholz Collection.”

270 Bandera assassination is from “On the 50th Anniversary of Stepan Bandera’s Murder,” Ukrainian Weekly, Oct. 18, 2009. See also: NYT, Oct. 17 and 20, 1959.

276 “Key figure”: “Demjanjuk’s Defender JA Brentar Spends Thousands to Clear Him,” CPD, May 1, 1985.

276 Brentar’s search for evidence comes from Brentar, “My Campaign for Justice for John Demjanjuk.”

276 “Russek was as eager”: Ibid.

276 The trial testimony of Brentar and Reiss is quoted from the deportation hearing transcripts, op. cit.

277 Frank Walus’s reaction to his trial comes from Arndt.

Boshyk, Yury. “Ukrainian DPs in Germany and Austria.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II. Edited by Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Yury Boshyk, and Roman Senkus. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 1992.

Elliott, Mark R. Pawns of Yalta. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

——. “The Soviet Repatriation Campaign.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II.

Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul. Old Greenwich Village, CT: Devin-Adair, 1973.

In the Matter of John Demjanjuk Respondent. United States Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Office of the Immigration Judge, Cleveland, Ohio, File A8 237 417, May 23, 1984.

Isajiw, Wsevolod, and Michael Palij. “Refugees and the DP Problem in Postwar Europe.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II.

Polskaya, Eugenia Borisovna. “Death on the Drava.” In Forced Repatriation: The Tragedy of the ‘Civilized’ World. Edited by Nicholas V. Feodoroff. Commack, NY: Nova Science, 1997.

Proudfoot, Malcolm. European Refugees.

Stauber, Roni, ed. Collaboration with the Nazis.

Stein, George. The Waffen SS.

Tolstoy, Nicolai. The Secret Betrayal 1944–1947. New York: Scribner’s, 1977.

Trachevsky, George. “For the Right to Live.” In Forced Repatriation.

282 In staggering round numbers: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 2.

283 Legal…because the l929 Geneva Convention: See Epstein, chap. 2, “International Law and Forced Repatriation.”

283 “In Hitler’s camps”: Quoted in Elliot, Pawns of Yalta, 192.

284 “Russians [are] a considerable charge”: Ibid., 43–44.

285 Red Army representatives”: Ibid., 2.

285 The Camp Rupert story comes from Epstein, 32–33, and Tolstoy, 88 and 192.

286 Soviet POWs were immediately imprisoned: Tolstoy, 88–89.

286 Twenty-five (sixty percent): Stein, Appendix II.

286 One hundred Osttruppen: Ibid., 17.

287 Roosevelt was both disinterested and uninformed: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 48.

288 As a crime against humanity: Argument of Epstein and Tolstoy.

289 The Fort Dix story comes from Elliott, Pawns of Yalta; Epstein; Tolstoy; and NYT: “Russians Captured With Nazis Riot at Fort Dix; 3 Commit Suicide,” June 30, 1945; “U.S. Halts Return of 150 to Russia,” July 1, 1945.

289 To a Soviet ship anchored at Seattle: Epstein, 103. His story is based on his interviews with former Soviet POWs.

291 “Three tombstones there”: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 90.

291 The Dachau/Plattling story: Ibid., Epstein, and Tolstoy.

292 “The scene inside”: Elliott, 93. 292 “It just wasn’t human”: Ibid.

292 “What happened at Plattling”: Ibid. Quoted from Juergen Thorwald, Whom They Wanted to Destroy: Report of the Great Treason (Stuttgart: Steingrueben-Verlag, 1952).

292 “For about two weeks day and night”: Epstein, 100. From a letter to him written by Sinclair J. Hoffman, April 22, 1969.

294 The Kempton roundup comes from Tolstoy and from Elliott, Pawns of Yalta.

295 The Linz roundup comes from Polskaya and Trachevsky.

296 “The soldiers scurried, taking away”: Ibid., 129. 296 “Oh my god, the river was full”: Polskaya, 129.

296 A medical doctor strapped her child: Trachevsky, 211.

297 “Who is going to” have to answer: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 92.

298 “My part in the Plattling”: Ibid., 104. Quoted from Coffin’s memoir, Once to Every Man.

298 “The cries of these”: Ibid., 104. Quoted from Howley’s introduction to Nikolai Krasnov’s book, The Hidden Russia: My Ten Years as a Slave Laborer. New York: Henry Holt, 1960.

Allen, Charles R., Jr. “How Not to Pursue War Criminals.” Jewish Currents, April 1984.

Breitman, Richard. Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records. Washington, DC: IWG, April 2001.

Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Chirovsky, Nicholas. Ukraine and the Second World War. New York: Ukrainian Congress of America, 1985.

CIA Memorandum for the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee… Subject: Psychological Warfare in Reference to SWNCC 304/6, October 22, 1947. Secret.

Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950. Langley, VA: Central Intelligence Agency. Approved for release Oct. 5, 1989. Typewritten. Secret.

Dean, Martin. Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine. New York: St. Martin’s Press, in association with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000.

Directive to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. NSC 4A, December 9, 1947. Top Secret.

Enlisted Personnel in the Regular Army of Aliens. NA, RG 407. Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 342.118, Box 8, July 28, 1952.

Etzhold, Thomas H., and John Lewis Gaddis, eds. Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy 1945–1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

Exploitation of Defectors and Other Aliens Within the United States. National Security Directive No. 14, March 3, 1950. Top Secret.

Exploitation of Soviet and Satellite Defectors Outside the United States. National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 13, January 19, 1950. Top Secret.

Feigin, “Belarus Conspiracy—Sensationalism vs Reality.” The Office of Special Investigations.

Gaddis, John Lewis. George F. Kennan: An American Life. New York: Penguin Press, 2011.

Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust.

Hersh, Burton. The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.

Hilger, Gustav. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, first release, Box 22.

Jasiuk, Emanuel. NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Boxes 62 and 76.

Johnson, A. Ross. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.

Kennan, George F. “Moscow Embassy Telegram #511,” February 22, 1946. Secret. Loftus, John. America’s Nazi Secret.

——. The Belarus Secret.

Mickelson, Sig. America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. New York: Praeger, 1983.