Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

111 The Supreme Court ruling on photo spreads or photo lineups is: Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97S. Ct. 2243, 53 L. Ed. 2d 140 [1977]. See “Photo Lineup,” in West’s Encyclopedia of Law for an analysis.

111 INS instructions to Radiwker: NYC 50/40/40.373, “The Following Information Should Be Included As a Minimum When Interviewing a Witness Preparatory to the Taking of a Deposition.”

111 The Radiwker story and quotations come from the trial transcripts of her testimony during the Demjanjuk trial in Jerusalem; translated copies of her original depositions; and The Demjanjuk Trial, which is the lengthy judgment of the Israeli court.

Fedorenko v. United States, 449 U.S. 490 (1981).

United States v. Fedorenko, 455 F. Supp. 893 (Dist. Court SD, Florida, Ft. Lauderdale Division, 1978).

United States v. Fedorenko, 597 F. 2nd 946 (Court of Appeals, 5th Cir., 1979).

117 “What do we want”: Quoted by Judge Roettger in United States v. Fedorenko, 455 F. Also Cathy Grossman Keller, “Nazi Death Camp Recalled,” MH, May 31, 1978.

117 “Avenging cheerleaders”: MH, ibid.

117 Roettger told U.S. marshals to arrest him: Ibid.

117 Another excuse to a federal: Cathy Grossman Keller, “I Was Beaten, Forced to Work for Nazis, Fedorenko Says,” MH, June 13, 1978.

118 “We are Jews”: Keller, MH, May 31, 1978.

118 “The Jews Live a Lie”: This as well as the confrontation incident are from Cathy Grossman Keller, “Fedorenko’s Trial Scene of Clash,” MH, June 2, 1978.

118 “So thick you could almost touch it”: Quote from Judge Roettger is from George McVevy, “Fedorenko Innocent Can Stay Here” and “Roettger: Agony of Decision Worst in My Career,” Fort Lauderdale News, July 26, 1978.

118 The lead prosecution attorneys were U.S. attorney J. V. Eskenazi and INS attorney Alan M. Lubiner.

119 The eyewitnesses were Eugen Turowski, Schalom Kohn, Josef Czarny, Gustav Boraks, Sonja Lewkowicz, and Pinchas Epstein.

119 The former vice-consul who testified was Kempton Jenkins.

119 By 1978, the Zutty team had a five-attorney litigation task force.

121 “This decision is indicative”: McVevy, Fort Lauderdale News, July 26, 1978.

121 “We are going to start”: Ibid.

121 “How can it be”: Cathy Grossman Keller, “Guard for Nazis Can Stay in U.S.,” MH, July 27, 1978.

122 The government had lined up eleven survivors to testify: seven from Israel, two from New York, one from Florida, and one from Montreal.

122 “It was the most gruesome testimony”: McVevy, Fort Lauderdale News, July 26, 1978.

122 “Armed guard service”: Ruth Marcus, “Death Camp Guard In Holocaust Fights To Keep Citizenship,” NYT, Nov. 9, 1980.

122 “I am happy and satisfied”: Ibid.

Holtzman, Who Said It Would Be Easy?

Holtzman, author’s interview.

Holtzman Amendment. 8 U.S.C. #1227 (a) (4) (9D), INA #237 (a) (4) (d).

Ryan, Quiet Neighbors.

Teicholz, The Trial of Ivan the Terrible.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law. Alleged Nazi War Criminals. 95th Cong., 1st sess., August 3, 1977.

Widespread Conspiracy to Obstruct Probes of Alleged Nazi War Criminals Not Supported by the Available Evidence — Controversy May Continue. Report by the Comptroller of the U.S., May 15, 1978.

127 Over our dead body: Holtzman interview, April 12, 2010.

Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

“At a Different Pole.” Visti z Ukrainy, August 26, 1976.

Black, Peter. “Askaris in the ‘Wild East’: The Deployment of Auxiliaries and the Implementation of the Nazi Racial Policy in the Lublin District.” In The Germans and the East, edited by Charles W. Ingrao and Franz A. J. Szabor. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2008.

——. Author’s interview, October 5, 2010.

——. “Foot Soldiers of the Final Solution: The Trawniki Training Camp and Operation Reinhard.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 1, Spring 2011.

Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. London: HarperCollins, 2001.

Pohl, Dieter. Demjanjuk Trial Testimony. Munich, January 12–13, 2010, as summarized by Dr. Margrit Grubmueller in a private report made available to the author.

“Punishment Will Come.” News from Ukraine, September 1977.

Rich, David Alan. “Reinhard’s Footsoldiers.” In Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide. Edited by John K. Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell. New York: Palgrave/St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

Ryan, Quiet Neighbors.

Teicholz, The Trial of Ivan the Terrible.

129 “Conveyed them to the [gas chamber]”: News from Ukraine quotes Danilchenko as saying: “conveyed them to the so called ‘murder bus.’” This appears to be a clumsy translation from the article, which was originally written in Ukrainian.

130 Demjanjuk’s mother got a letter: Demjanjuk testified about his contacts with his mother at his deportation hearing and at the Israeli trial. There are differences.

132 The account in this chapter is a composite of those testimonies. 132 The Trawniki story is based on Arad, Black (“Foot Soldiers), Browning, Pohl, and Rich.

132 Approximately five thousand: Black puts the number at 5,082.

133 “Because we were all starving”: Quoted by Black, “Foot Soldiers,” 7.

134 “No one wanted to return”: Ibid.

135 Citations for outstanding: Black, “Askaris,” 292.

135 For the Lomazy murders see Browning, 78–87.

135 Shoot a Jew eyeball to eyeball: Rich, 691. Quotation is from Black, “Foot Soldiers,” 17.

136 At least one thousand: Black, “Askaris,” 359, and especially Black, “Foot Soldiers,” 12.

136 A monthly salary: Black, “Foot Soldiers,” 13.

138 “These units have proved”: Quoted in http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007397.

Arndt, Michael. “The Wrong Man.” Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1984.

Danylchenko Protocol. November 21, 1979.

English translation. Epstein, Jason. The Great Conspiracy Trial. New York: Random House, 1970.

Feigin. “Frank Walus—Lessons Learned by OSI.” The Office of Special Investigations.

Goulden, Joseph, C. The Benchwarmers: The Private World of the Powerful Federal Judges. New York: Weybright & Tally, 1974.

John Demjanjuk. Israeli court decision.

Loftus, John. Author’s telephone interview, April 15, 2011.

——. America’s Nazi Secret. 1st ed. Waterville, OR: Trine Day, 2010.

——. The Belarus Secret. New York: Knopf, 1982.

Moscowitz, Norman. Munich trial testimony on June 30, 2010, as summarized by Dr. Margrit Grubmueller in a private report made available to the author.

Parker, George. “To Walter J. Rockler and Allan A. Ryan, Jr., Director/Deputy Director, Litigation, DATE: February 28, 1980, FROM: George Parker, Trial Attorney, SUBJECT: Demjanjuk—A Reappraisal.”