Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

66 “There have been”: FBI letter to Marvin Watson, Special Assistant to the President, Feb. 9, 1967. FOIA papers.

66 “The NYO, after careful”: “To: Director, FBI (10543011)… From: SAC, New York(105–43011)… Subject: Charles H. Kremer,”June 27, 1961. FOIA papers.

66 “To be covertly sponsored”: “To: Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation… From: Robert C. Mardian, Assistant Attorney General Internal Security Division… Subject: Charles H. Kremer,” May 28, 1971. FOIA papers.

67 “Dr. Kremer has two compelling”: “To: Director, FBI (105–100575)… From: SAC, New York (105–4301100) (C)…Subject: Dr. Charles H. Kremer,” Aug. 8, 1968. FOIA papers.

67 He disclaimed “responsibility”: “To: Director, FBI… From: SAC, New York (105–43011)…Subject: Dr. Charles Kremer,” March 23, 1974. FOIA papers.

67 The Holtzman-Radio Free Europe story is based on the author’s interview with Holtzman, the Jack Anderson column, “RFE’s Bishop Interview is Probed,” WP, Feb. 28, 1980; and David Binder, “Legislator Assails Radio Free Europe,” NYT, May 17, 1979.

67 “It is outrageous”: Binder, NYT, May 17, 1979.

67 “She is blowing this up”: “To: Stu Eizenstat… From Zbigniew Brzezinski,” Feb. 12, 1980. The Brzezinski memo is courtesy of the Carter Library in Atlanta.

67 The National Security Council records are housed in the Carter Library. The collection holds twenty-three documents mentioning Holtzman. I did not visit the Georgia library to examine those pages. I did, however, request and receive from the library a copy of four NSC pages about Trifa.

68 “Clergy and laity”: Trifa telegram to Hoover, July 3, 1964. FOIA papers.

68 Personally capturing twenty: Report of Lt. Col. Ray F. Groggin, 71st Infantry, NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, June 1945.

68 “Virtually indispensable”: Letter of Lt. Col. Howard Selk, 410th Infantry Regiment, Aug. 16, 1945, ibid. It is not clear to whom Selk was writing.

68 Most of the Bolschwing material about his work for the CIA is based on Ruffner. Chapters 16 and 17 of Ruffner’s report are still classified.

68 The description of Bolschwing’s personality and skills comes from Ruffner, 5–7.

69 “A valuable man we must control”: Ibid., 6.

69 He was a security risk: Ibid., 14.

69 Uncovered a deeply buried secret”: Ibid., 17–18.

69 Cautioned Bolschwing that once: This and following are from ibid., 20.

69 “I wish to express”: Ibid., 22.

69 The decision was made to help Bolschwing immigrate to the United States: “Deemed advisable… to assist the principal agent to come to the United States with his family,” memo from Chief E.I, NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Dec. 22, 1953; and “assisted in the immigration and naturalization by CIA,” CIA memo for chief of Operation, DDP, May 10, 1961, ibid.”

69 Worked on the staff of Adolf Eichmann: Bolschwing worked in Department II, Section 112 of the RSHA. CIA memo, “Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, April 10, 1961; and Ruffner and Ryan.

70 Pearson column: “War Criminal Lives in California,” WP, June 7, 1962.

70 Artukovic was still close to his former boss, Ante Pavelic. Pavelic wanted him to come to Argentina if he was expelled from the United States. CIA Report No: TAB-3191, NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Nov. 14, 1951.

70 The New York firm listed as the writer of This is Artukovic! was Gaffney, Starcevic, McHough. The Library of Congress and the IWG files at NARA cited above hold copies of the booklet.

71 “If you can’t kill”: This is Artukovic! , 20.

71 Violation of the Foreign Agents: Memo from J. Walter Yeagley, Acting Assistant Attorney General, to FBI Director, Aug. 27, 1958; and SAC/NY to Director memo, Aug. 6, 1958. Both are from NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files.

71 “Appropriate action”: Hoover to D. L. Nicholson, Office of Consular Affairs, Department of State, NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, July 9, 1958: “Artukovic is believed to possess great potential propaganda value inasmuch as appropriate action taken against him would greatly impress Yugoslavian citizens who do not presently trust the Tito regime.”

72 Hoover considered Artukovic the “uncrowned leader of the Croatian movement in the United States. Letterhead Memo, NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Jan. 31, 1974; FBI Confidential Report, Aug. 17, 1959, ibid.

72 Catholic organizations supporting Artukovic included: Knights of Columbus, United American Croatians, the Catholic Association for International Peace, and the Croatian Catholic Union of the United States. The FBI characterized the Catholic Association for International Peace as a long-standing “friend of the Bureau,” NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, To: L. V. Boardman… From: A. H. Belmont, June 26, 1958.

72 Cardinal Spellman’s private support of Artukovic comes up several times in the FBI letters and memos of 1958 in NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files.

72 Dozens of Croatian Franciscan priests: John J. Knezevich, Palos Verdes News, Jan. 26, 1958.

72 “Considerable knowledge”: San Diego SAC to Director, FBI, NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Feb. 14, 1951.

72 For the harassment of John Artukovic, see Richard West, “Two Held in Bombing of Auto Owned by Brother of Alleged Nazi War Criminal,” LAT, Jan. 30, 1975. 000 “His deep appreciation”: Breitman, 231. Also: “He advised that he felt a great debt to the United States for refusing to allow him to be extradited to Yugoslavia.” FBI Letterhead Memo, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Aug. 14, 1967.

Allen, Charles, Jr. “Hubertus Strughold, Nazi in America.” Jewish Currents, December 1974.

Bower, Tom. The Paperclip Conspiracy: The Hunt for the Nazi Scientists. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.

——. The Pledge Betrayed: America and Great Britain and the Denazification of Post War Germany. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982.

The Department of State. For the President…Subject: Interim Exploitation of German and Austrian Specialists in the United States, August 30, l946. Top Secret.

Exploitation of German Scientists and Technicians. NA, RG Group 335, Records of the State–Army–Navy–Air Force Coordinating Committee (SANAAC), Box 20.

Goliszek, Andrew. In the Name of Science. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003.

Hunt, Linda. Secret Agenda. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.

——. “U.S. Coverup of Scientists.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1985.

Lasby, Clarence G. Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War. New York: Atheneum, 1971.

Loftus and Aarons, The Secret War Against the Jews.

Moreno, Jonathan D. Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group: Final Report to the United States Congress, April 2007.

Neufeld, Michael J. The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: Free Press, 1995.

Operation Paperclip. NA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, first release, Box 6.

Ordway, Frederick I., and Mitchell R. Sharpe. The Rocket Team. New York: Thomas Crowell, 1979.

Policy and Procedure to Facilitate Entry into the United States, in the National Interest, of German and Austrian Scientists and Technicians Sponsored by the War and Navy Departments. NA, RG 335, State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC), 257/14, May 24, 1946, Box 20.

Proposed Policy for Exploitation and Denial of German and Austrian Scientists. NA, RG 335, State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, (SWNCC), 257/11, May 15, 1946, Appendix F, Box 23.