Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

96 The army swore him to silence: Nahas, 182n10.

97 With a yearly salary of: Strughold, Hubertus, NA, RG 330, Box 32.

97 For the Rudolph story see Feigin and NYT: “Space Scientist Admitted Role in Nazi Camp,” Oct. 6, 1985; Walter Goodman, “The Nazi Connection,” Frontline, Feb. 24, 1987; John F. Burns, “War-Crimes Suspect Seeks to Stay in Canada,” July 10, 1990; “Ex-Nazi Scientist Tries to Renew Citizenship,” July 21, 1991; Wolfgang Saxon, “Arthur Rudolph, 89, Developer of Rocket in First Apollo Flight,” Jan. 3, 1996; CT: Uli Schmetzer, “Former Nazi denies war crimes,” Oct. 20, 1984; “’45 report told concerns over ex-Nazi’s activities,” Nov. 8, 1984; Neal Sher, “Scientist Rudolph and the Justice Department,” Nov. 15, 1984; CSM: Robert M. Press, “Critics doubt latest US version of rocket scientist’s wartime role,” Sept. 5, 1985.

97 Dora war crimes trials: Bergen-Belsen, 1945; Dachau, 1947; Essen, 1967–70. The Soviets also held trials in their own zone.

Government Sponsored Testing on Humans: An Overview on Cold War Era Programs. GAO report # T-NSIAD-94–266. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1994.

Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2003.

Human Experimentation: An Overview on Cold War Era Programs. U.S. General Accounting Office. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1994.

Hunt, Secret Agenda.

Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans’ Health? Lessons Spanning Half a Century. Staff Report prepared for the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, United States Senate, December 8, 1994.

Moreno, Undue Risk.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations. Government-Sponsored Tests on Humans and Possible Compensation for People Harmed in the Tests. February 2, 1994.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans’ Health? Lessons from World War II, the Persian Gulf War, and Today. 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., May 6, 1994.

100 Schnurman’s story is a summary of his 1994 congressional testimony at the hearing before the House Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations, Feb. 2, 1994.

100 “I was presumed dead”: Ibid.

101 “You wouldn’t know”: Ibid.

101 Two other young seamen who participated in the gas chamber experiments were Rudolph R. Mills and John T. Harrison. Like Schnurman, neither was warned about the danger of the experiments and both were threatened with prison terms if they revealed the experiments to anyone. Mills’s and Harrison’s sworn statements are recorded in the hearings before the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, May 6, 1994.

101 The mustard gas experiments on seamen like Schnurman, Mills, and Harrison received wide media coverage. In particular: Bruce Reid, “Veterans Fight Military over ’40s Chemical Tests,” Baltimore Sun, Jan. 30, 1994; Tracy Thompson, WP, March 7, 1993; “The VA’s Sorry, the Army’s Silent,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1993; Jonathan Bor, “Poison Gas ‘guinea pig’ Helped Others, Victim Exposed Secret U.S. Project,” Baltimore Sun, Jan. 7, 1993.

101 Experimented on nearly seven thousand: Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons summarizes the entire experimentation program.

101 Ten tons of the gases: Hunt, 161.

102 “Precise information on the number”: Human Experimentation, 1.

102 “Experiments like these”: Government Sponsored Testing, 239.

102 Hunt, who investigated military experimentation on human subjects, names seven Paperclip scientists who worked at the Edgewood Arsenal: nuclear physicist Herman Donnert; poison gas specialist Friedrich Hoffmann; chemical researcher Theodor Wagner-Jauregg; chemical warfare specialist Albert Pfeiffer; high-frequency electronics specialist Kurt Rahr; toxicologist Hans Turnit; and textile chemist Eduard Wulkow. All but one were members of the Nazi Party or Nazi organizations or worked at Nazi institutions or for the Reich military establishment.

Civil Action N. C77–923, United States of America, Plaintiff… John Demjanjuk, a/k/a, Iwan Demjanjuk, a/k/a, Ivan Grozny (Ivan the Terrible ), August 25, 1977.

The Demjanjuk Trial. Consulting editor, Asher Felix Landau. Tel Aviv: Israel Bar Publishing House, 1991. (This three-hundred-page document is the finding of the Israeli Court in the Demjanjuk trial.)

Gottlieb, “The Hunt for Ivan the Terrible.”

Hanusiak, Michael. Lest We Forget. Toronto: Progress Books, 1976.

Holtzman, Who Said It Would Be Easy?

Holtzman, author’s interview.

Romerstein, Herbert. “Divide and Conquer: The KGB Disinformation Campaign Against Ukrainians and Jews.” Ukrainian Quarterly, Fall 2004.

Ryan, Quiet Neighbors.

Sheftel, Yoram. Defending Ivan the Terrible. Translated by Haim Watzman. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1996.

Teicholz, Tom. The Trial of Ivan the Terrible. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law. Alleged Nazi War Criminals. 95th Cong., 1st session, August 3, 1977.

Widespread Conspiracy to Obstruct Probes of Alleged Nazi War Criminals Not Supported by the Available Evidence — Controversy May Continue. Report by the Comptroller General of the U.S., May 15, 1978.

105 The many letters of Eilberg and Holtzman to government officials are reprinted in an appendix to the August 1977 hearings, Alleged Nazi War Criminals.

105 State Department approach to Bonn: Ryan, 55.

105 The Holtzman-Eilberg meeting with the Soviets in Moscow and Moscow’s response is based on: the author’s interview with Holtzman; Allan Ryan’s later visit described in Quiet Neighbors; the Congressional speech of Eilberg ( Congressional Record, January 29, 1976) and his remarks in the July 1978 subcommittee hearings; and the author’s correspondence with Jerry Goodman, a former executive of the National Conference on Soviet Jewry, who attended the Moscow conference.

107 “Making every effort”: Holtzman’s letter to Kissinger, May 20, 1975.

107 “Plainly dilatory” and following quotes: Blumenthal, “Inquiry on Nazis called lagging,” NYT, Aug. 25, 1975. See also: Joshua Eilberg speech after the Moscow visit. Congressional Record, September 22, 1975, 29727; and NYT: May 6, 1975 and May 24, 1976.

107 Kissinger authorized a tentative overture: See Ryan and State Department memo, Jan. 7, 1976.

107 The INS sent four attorneys: INS press release, Aug. 12, 1976.

108 A pro-Soviet rag: Romerstein, 2. Also Gottlieb, Teicholz, and Ryan.

109 Was a member of the communist party: Romerstein, 2. Also People’s World, Sept. 22, 2007. This article also points out that Hanusiak, who died in October 2006, was awarded the Order of Friendship of the People by the chairman of Ukraine’s Supreme Soviet.

110 He claimed he composed: Gottlieb, 162.

111 INS sent two lists of names to the Israeli police. The first list requested information on eighteen alleged Nazi collaborators. The second list had only nine names.