Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо - Цивилизации

Ibid., vol. iii (1971), p. 616.

Ibid., p. 657.

Ibid., p. 900.

Выражение «новая Европа» изобретено Альфредом Кросби: Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge, 1986).

H. Hasan, A History of Persian Navigation (London, 1928), p. 1.

S. Ratnagar, Encounters: the Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilization (Delhi, 1981).

L. Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei (Princeton, 1989), pp. 7, 21–27, 34–35, 58–61, 69, 74–89; G. W. B. Huntingford, ed., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1980), pp. 8-12, 81–86, 106–120.

Natural History, VI, xxvi, 104.

J. Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge, 1956 — in progress), vol. iv, part III (1971), pp. 42–44.

O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce: a Study of the Origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), pp. 32–48; M. Tampoe, Maritime Trade between China and the West: an Archaeological Study of the Ceramics from Siraf (Persian Gulf), 8th to 15th centuries AD (London, 1986), p. 119; K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: an Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 49–53.

О. H. K. Spate, The Spanish Lake (Minneapolis, 1979), pp. 101–106; M. Mitchell, Friar Andris de Urdaneta, O.S.A. (London, 1964), pp. 132–139.

R. H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, 1995). pp. 168–263, 374–379, 386–393.

Cm. Chaudhuri, op. cit., p. 15.

См. например К. Nebenzahl, Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries (Chicago, 1970), pp. 4–5.

Конец, заключительная часть (лат.).

Hasan, op. cit., pp. 129–130.

Al-Masudi, Les Prairies d'or, ed. B. Meynard and P. Courteille, 9 vols (Paris, 1861–1914), vol. iii (1897), p. 6; M. Longworth Dames, ed., The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1898), vol. i, p. 4; C. R. Boxer, ed.. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1959).

‘Narrative of the Journey of Abder-Razzak’ в книге R. H. Major, ed., India in the Fifteenth Century (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1857), p. 7.

Villiers, Monsoon Seas: the Story of the Indian Ocean (New York, 1952.), pp. 56–57.

Buzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormouz, The Book of the Wonders of India, ed. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville (London, 1981), pp. 49ff.

Tampoe, op. cit., p. 121; J. Zang, ‘Relations between China and the Arabs’, Journal of Oman Studies, vi: part I (1983), pp. 99-109, особ. p. 99; J. C. van Leur, Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (The Hague, 1955), pp. 85–86; J. Takakusu, ed., l-tsing: a Record of the Buddhist Religion (Oxford, 1896), pp. xxvii-xxx, xlvi.

Ma Huan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores, ed J. V. G. Mills (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1970), pp. 15–18.

Ibid., p. 27.

Buondelmonti, Descriptio Insule Crete et Liber Insularum, с. XI: Creta, ed. M.-A. van Spitael (Herakleion, 1981).

J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 1–3, 23, 36, 51, 89–90, 98; cm. F. Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a Vepoque de Philippe II, 2 vols (Paris, 1966), vol. i, pp. 331–335.

P. Chaunu, Conquete et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (XVIe siecle) Paris, 1969), pp. 277-90; Seville et VAtlantique (1504–1650), part I, vol. vi (Paris, 1956), pp. 178–189, 312–321.

G. Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven and London, 1998), p. 50.

J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in West Africa (Oxford, 1944), p. 144; J. O. Hunwick, ‘Religion and State in the Songhay Empire, 1464-159Г, в книге I. M. Lewis, ed., Islam in Tropical Africa (Oxford 1966), pp. 296–317.

The Wealth of Nations, TV, vii, b.61 (London, 1937, p. 590).

Disney, ‘Vasco da Gama’s Reputation for Violence: the Alleged Atrocities at Calicut in 1502’, Indica, xxxii (1995), pp. 11–28; S. Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 205–210, 318.

Конец века (фр.), здесь: исходы.

Мировой политики (нем.).

F. W. Mote, ‘The Chieng-hua and Hungchih Reigns, 1464–1505’, в книге D. Twitchett and К. K. Fairbank, eds, The Cambridge History of China, vol. vii (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 343–402; я прежде всего имею в виду картину By Вея «Мудрец, сидящий под деревом» в музее изящных искусств в Бостоне. См. также R. М. Burchart et al., Painters of the Great Ming: the Imperial Court and the Zhe School (Dallas, 1993).

Stein, Vijayanagar, pp. 111–112; G. Michell, Architecture and Art of South India (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 13, 39, pi. 13.

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘O Mundo dos 1490’ в книге D. Curto, ed., О Tempo de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1998), pp 43–58.

Ibid., pp. 191–207; C. F. Petry, Protectors or Praetorians: the Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning as a Great Power (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).

Суша, земля (лат.).

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Philadelphia, 1987), p. 201.

P. Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (New Haven, 1994); A. C. Hess, ‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453–1525’, American Historical Review, lxxv (1970), pp. 1892–1919.

J. Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 83, 95; ‘Muscovy’s North-east Expansion: the Context and a Cause’, Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, xxiv, no. 4 (1983), pp. 459–470; Y. Semyonov, Siberia (London, 1963), p. 23; M. Alef, ‘Muscovite Military Reforms in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century’, Forschungen zur osteuropdischen Geschichte, xviii (1973), pp. 73-108.

Рассказы о необыкновенном, необычном (лат.).

S. van Herberstein, Notes upon Russia, ed. R. H. Major, 2 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1852), ii, 42.