Christopher Hibbert - The Days of the French Revolution

Pope Pius VI, III, 115, 117

Provence, 40, 50, 272

Provence, Stanislas Xavier, Comte de, ‘Monsieur’, later King Louis XVIII (1755–1824), 162; personality, 25; and Necker, 36, 37, 44; and Calonne, 38; Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, 89; leaves with royal family for Paris, 104; mob demands to see, 119; advocates war, 143; proclaims himself King, 281; later life, 315

Prussia, 143, 145, 179, 202

Reubell, Jean-François, 291, 294–5, 297, 316

Revolutionary Tribunal, creation of, 194, 195; and Marat, 196, 197; condemns Orléans, 223; huissiers , 229; Danton regrets, 239; Fouquier-Tinville, 240, 271; dispenses with defence lawyers and witnesses, 245–6; Robespierre controls, 254; powers reduced, 271

Rivarol, Antoine de, 133, 316

Robespierre, Augustin, 263, 266, 267, 268, 285

Robespierre, Charlotte, 206, 207–8, 210

Robespierre, François, 203–4

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie (1758–94), appearance, 203, 209, 251, 259, 267; personality, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210; background, 203; early history, 203, 204–6; writer, 206–7; simplicity of his life, 207–8, 209; orator, 208–9, 211; lodges with Duplays, 209–10; and Jacobin Club, 210, 261; avoids scenes of trouble, 210; on execution of King, 211; and death of Marat, 214; and Danton, 214, 234, 235, 236–7, 241, 244, 248; and Custine, 215; on Committee of Public Safety, 216; attitude to dissidents, 225; condemns de-Christianization policy, 233; and Hébertists, 235; Desmoulins infuriates, 236; at the theatre, 237; defends arrest of Danton, 239; Lucille Desmoulins’s mother appeals to, 245; does not witness guillotinings, 248; his life in danger, 248; attacks atheism, 251; and Festival of Supreme Being, 251–4; feared and disliked, 254; difficulties with colleagues, 256–9; plans laid for his overthrow, 259; last speech in Convention, 259–60; deputies attack, 260–61; Jacobin Club supports, 261; last appearance in Convention, 262–3; arrested, 263; confident of his future, 264; Merda claims to shoot, 265; an appeal to arms, 266; his wound, 266–7; execution, 267–8

Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 119, 145, 316

Roederer, Pierre Louis, Comte de (1754–1835), 156–8, 316

Roland, Jean-Marie (1734–93), personality, 139; joins Jacobins, 140; Minister of Interior, 144; and Louis XVI, 146; and sans-culottes , 147; and September Massacres, 177; and Danton, 181; his papers seized, 195; and his wife, 223–4; suicide, 316

Roland, Manon Jeanne (1754–93), appearance and personality, 139–40; and Girondins, 140; her salon, 144; on Dumouriez, 144; and her husband, 146; and Danton, 167, 178, 181, 237; attitude to Revolution, 178; on ‘freedom’ in Paris, 185; literary influences on, 212; trial and execution, 223–4; on Terror, 229; ‘sick of blood’, 229

Romeuf, Jean Louis, 126–7

Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 57

Roux, Jacques, and King’s execution, 186, 187; plans series of journées , 194; castigates Government, 211–12; discredited, 212; death of, 316

Royale, Madame (Marie Thérèse, eldest daughter of Louis XVI ), birth of, 23; appears with Queen on balcony, 103; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; imprisoned, 182, 183; on her father’s last hours, 185–6; on parting between Queen and Dauphin, 221; later life, 314

royalists, insurrection in provinces, 153; hope for restoration, 280; Louis XVIII, 281; uprisings, 281, 283, 284; after journée of Vendémiaire , 288; Directory attitude to, 291, 294; feeling against restoration, 294; and Augerau, 297

Sacleux, Marie-Catherine-Victoire, 97

Saint-Étienne, Rabaut, 184

Saint-Honorine, Piquod de, 77

Saint-Just, Louis de (1767–94), 254, 264; demands King’s execution, 182, 184; violent views expressed by, 225, 268; and Danton, 236, 238, 239, 241; fabricates evidence, 242; and Robespierre, 257; compromises, 259; and Collot d’Herbois, 261–2; speaks in National Convention, 262; arrested, 263; prisoner, 266; and Rights of Man, 267; execution, 267, 268

Saint-Méard, Journiac de, 171–3

Sainte-Ménéhould, 123, 125, 128

sans-culottes , and Bailly and Pétion, 135; independent action, 147; and Legislative Assembly, 151, 159; and National Guard, 153; and Danton, 179; demand King’s execution, 184; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; and Jacobins, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; militia raised, 198; granted daily allowance, 211; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; attitude to Robespierre, 254; in prominence again, 271; excluded from meetings of sections , 272; and gap between rich and poor, 273; bread riots, 274–7; journée of 1 Priarial , 278; further weakened, 280; Convention uses against royalists, 283; influence destroyed, 288

Sanson, Charles (b. 1739), 187, 188–9, 309, 316

Sanson, Henri (d. 1840), 187, 222, 316

Santerre, Antoine Joseph (1752–1809), Vainqueur de la Bastille , 82; at demolition of Vincennes, 133, 134; in hiding, 135; and invasion of Tuileries, 147, 148; commands National Guard, 154; warned of forthcoming attacks on prisons, 169–70; and septembriseurs , 177; and King’s execution, 186; later life, 316–17

Sauce, Jean Baptiste, 125–6, 128

Sauce, Madame, 127

Sauvigny, Bertier de, 92

September Massacres, 170–79; revulsion against, 181

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé (1748–1836), 94; history, 43–4; and Third Estate, 54, 55, 59; supports Mirabeau, 62; monarchien , 133; and Directory, 291; warns against return to ‘disastrous times’, 299–300; plans coup d’état , 301; and Bonaparte, 302; Consul of French Republic, 304; later life, 317

Sillery, a Girondin leader , 223

Staël, Madame de, 144, 152

Sullivan, Eleonora, 120

Sweden, 298

Swiss Guards, at storming of Tuileries, 155, 159, 160, 161; in September Massacres, 173–4

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, later Prince of Benevento (1754–1838), 42, 114, 259, 303, 317

Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767–1820), Terror at Bordeaux, 228; Robespierre attacks, 260; attacks Saint-Just and Robespierre, 262; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; becomes reactionary, 271; calls for vengeance, 277–8; later life, 317

Target, Gui-Jean-Baptiste (1733–1807), 53–4, 184, 317

taxation, of peasants and nobles, 30; exemption of nobles from, 31–2; inequitable system of, 36; proposed land tax, 37–8, 39; riots over, 39–40

Temple, 162, 182, 280

Terror, days of the, 221–9; Danton on, 235; victims, 248; Robespierre justifies, 248; outspoken condemnation of, 257, 259; rejection of, 271; officials physically attacked, 272; Sieyès recalls with horror, 300

Thermidorians, 282–3, 285, 288

Thiébault, Baron, 153, 177

Thrale, Hester Lynch, 24

Thuriot de la Rozère, Jacques Alexis, 74–5, 262, 271, 317

Toulon, civil war, 202; British occupy, 203; executions in, 227; retaken, 257; uprising at, 279; Bonaparte at, 285; Egyptian expedition sails from, 298

Tourzel, Duchesse de, governess to royal children , on Queen in Versailles riot, 103; leaves Versailles, 104; flight to Varennes, 121, 122, 126; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; and September Massacres, 173; later life, 317

Tuileries, royal family in, 105, 117, 118, 153; closely guarded, 119; flight of royal family from, 121–2; flight discovered, 123–4; return to, 130; Liberty tree to be planted, 147; mob invades, 148–50; storming of, 155–61; Convention meet in, 197; sans-culottes march towards, 275; insurgents leave, 277; journées of Vendémiaire , 286–8

Turgot, Anne-Robert, Baron de Laune (1727–81), 27, 29, 35, 36

Turgy, 182

Two-Thirds Law, 283