Christopher Hibbert - The Days of the French Revolution

Marie Thérèse, see Royale, Madame

Marseillaise , 153–4

Marseilles, 91, 153, 194, 202, 272

Martin, Jeanne, 97, 103

Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de (1701–81), 27, 28, 29, 37

Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé, 49, 53, 314

Menou, Jacques-François, 284

Mercier, Sébastien, 185, 233

Mercy-Argentau, Florimonde Claude, Comte de (1727–94), 22, 25, 314

Merda, Charles-André, 263–4, 265, 314

merveilleuses , 274

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), and Estates General debate, 55, 57–8; family background, 55; history, personality and appearance, 55–7; rallies National Assembly, 62; on first stage of Revolution, 63; warns of preparations for war, 63–4; on greeting the King, 87; presses for recall of Necker, 88; and renunciation of feudal privileges, 94; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; concerned to contain Revolution, 110; and King, 110, 111; concerned about probable army mutiny, 116; on disintegration of monarchy, 133; and Danton, 167; on Robespierre, 208

Mirabeau, Jean Antoine (d. 1737), 55

Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 55

Monaco, Princesse de, 246

monarchy, cahier de doléances , 45; Mirabeau on, 133; doomed, 133; abolition of, 180; oath of hatred of, 298

Monnier, Marie-Thérèse de, 56

Montagnards, and Girondins, 181, 193, 201; attitude to King, 181–2, 184; against sans-culottes and Enragés , 193–4; Danton joins, 196; and Marat, 197, 214; and Lanjuinais, 199; and rightward flow of Revolution, 271; become reactionary, 271; and Convention, 274; and sans-culottes bread riots, 276, 277; closely watched after riots, 279; deputies executed, 280; Government campaign against, 281; influence destroyed, 288; Reubell, 291

Montmorin, Comte de (1745–92), 176

Moore, John (1729–1802), 196–7

Morice, Philippe, 177

Morris, Gouverneur, 50, 51, 52, 66, 93

Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), and National Assembly, 59–60, 109, 112; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; advises King to flee, 100; later life, 315

Murat, Joachim, 286, 304, 315

Napoleon I, see Bonaparte, Napoleon

Narbonne, Archbishop of, 38, 315

Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, 143–4

National Assembly, name coined, 59; tennis-court oath, 59–60; and Louis XVI, 62–3, 87; and new constitution, 63; protests against troop movements, 64; granted fresh powers, 91; its authority in provincial towns, 92; problem of restoring order, 93; and feudal system, 94–5; adopts Declaration of Rights, 95; debates transferred to Paris, 104; reform, 109–10; radical nature of, 110; and Mirabeau, 110; policies towards Church, 111–12, 138; attitude to Revolution, 117; confirms Lafayette’s order, 126; Marat attacks, 140; effect of dismissal of Narbonne on, 144; Robespierre speaks in, 208; and march of 12 Germinal , 274

National Convention, to be summoned, 161–2; composition of, 180; abolition of monarchy, 180; Year I of Republic 180–81; discord in, 181; unsympathetic to King, 184; revolutionary decrees, 193; declares war on European powers, 193; emergency decrees, 194–5; Marat shunned in, 197; Marat carried in triumph to, 197–8; and overthrow of Girondins, 198, 199; and Danton, 214, 238, 239; Carnot, 215; demonstrators invade, 216; meets Hébertists’ demands, 217; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; replacement of Gregorian calendar, 231; and Committee of Clemency, 235; and Robespierre, 251, 257, 259–61, 262–3; Festival of Supreme Being, 252; moderates condemn Terror, 257, 259; Lindet’s liberal proposals to, 271; Girondins recalled to, 272; and bread rioters, 275–7, 279; journée of 1 Prairial , 278; new Constitution, 282; and Two-Thirds Law, 283; and danger from royalists, 283–4; and journées of Vendémiaire , 284–8

National Guard, formation of, 64; at Versailles, 100, 102; and royal family, 104, 130; Fête de la Fédération , 112, 114; at attempted demolition of Vincennes, 133–4; and massacre of Champ de Mars, 135; firearms privilege, 147; sans-culottes , 153; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; Guardsman addresses King, 158; Danton, 167; and King’s execution, 186, 187; Hanriot commands, 198; and overthrow of Girondins, 199, 201; Robespierre controls, 254; and arrest of Robespierrists, 263; accompany bread rioters, 275; reconstitution of, 280

Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 38, 84; Director-General of Finance, 35–7, 40; appearance and personality, 36; and problem of Third Estate, 44; popularity, 51; and Estates General, 52, 54; dismissed, 64; public feeling about, 65; and Louis XVI, 87, 88, 98, 100; public demand for recall of, 89; medal bearing head of, 91; later life, 315

Necker, Suzanne, 35–6, 315

Noailles, Comtesse de, later Duchesse de, 26, 246–7

Noailles, Louis, Vicomte de, 42, 94

nobility, privileges of, 31–2; noblesse d’épée and noblesse de robe , 32–3; economics, 33; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Church hierarchy, 43; and Third Estate, 54; and National Assembly, 62; renounce feudal privileges, 93–4; and Legislative Assembly, 136; receive compensation, 137; émigrés landlords, 138; go into hiding, 162; purge of army officers demanded, 215; brought to trial, 246; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248

Orléans, Louis Philippe, ‘Egalité’, Duc d’ (1747–93), 62; and Calonne, 38; elected to Estates General, 45; personality, 50; popularity, 51; joins National Assembly, 62; public feeling about, 65; his agents provocateurs , 97–8; talks to mob at Versailles, 102; member of National Convention, 180; execution, 223

Palais Royale, 66, 78, 92, 154

Paris, Brienne burned in effigy in, 40; troops in, 63, 64; inflammatory situation in, 64–5, 69–70; National Assembly established in Manège, 109; Fête de la Fédération , 112–15; light-hearted atmosphere, 116; anti-clericalism, 117–18; discovery of flight of royal family from, 123–4; royal family returns to, 130; violent demonstrations, 145; divisions between political parties, 146; inflation, 147; sections , 147, 154, 168, 212, 217, 272, 284; citizens’ demonstration, 148; Assembly losing control of, 154; changed atmosphere, 162; measures against counter-revolutionaries, 168–9; prison massacres, 170–79; mood of electorate, 180; revolutionary atmosphere, 180; Isnard warns of annihilation of, 198; control of, 201; terrorism, 202; taxation populaire , 212; crowds watch guillotining, 229; de-Christianization policy, 230–32; growing confusion of political scene, 234; centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; fear in, 255; daily life, 256; riots, 283; journées of Vendémiaire , 284–8; pleasures, luxury, fashion, 292; coup d’état of 18 Fructidor , 297; Napoleon’s hero’s welcome, 300

parlements , and Louis XVI, 27, 28, 39, 40; influence and jurisdiction, 27; and Crown, 28; and Turgot, 35; and land tax, 37–8, 39; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 40; declared in abeyance, 109; Queen’s trial, 221

Paroy, Marquis de, 99, 103–4

‘passive’ citizens, 147, 153, 154

Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme (1756–94), and return journey of royal family to Paris, 128–9; Mayor of Paris, 135, 151; and invasion of Tuileries, 150; and dethronement of King, 154; kept prisoner, 154; and septembriseurs , 176–7; death, 315

philosophes , 28, 31, 42, 205

Pichegru, Charles, 281, 297, 315

Pierre, Jacques, 42

Pillnitz, Declaration of, 143

Polignac, Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749–93), 22, 315

Pompadour, Jeanne Annette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19, 27, 71

Pont de Sommeville, 122–3