Christopher Hibbert - The Days of the French Revolution

jeunesse dorée , 271–2, 275, 279

Johnson, Samuel (1709–84), 24

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–90), 22, 118, 143

Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, later Count Jourdan, 257, 300, 301, 312

Jourdan, Nicholas, 101

journées , storming of Bastille, 75–80; march of women to Versailles, 97–105; Champ de Mars massacre, 134–5; storming of Tuileries, 155–61; overthrow of Girondins, 198–201; attempted coup by Hébertists, 216; of 9 Thermidor , 263–8; of 12 Germinal , 274; of 1 Prairial , 278–9; of Vendémiaire , 284–8

Junot, Laure, 280, 285

Lafayette, Marie Joseph du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), appearance and personality, 43; elected to Estates General, 45; reads King’s speech, 88; commander of National Guard, 88, 100; and Noailles, 94; at Versailles, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104; back to Paris with royal family, 104; at Fête de la Fédération , 113–14; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight to Varennes, 124, 126; and the King, 130, 151; and Champs de Mars massacre, 135; hopes to restore order, 145; condemns invasion of Tuileries, 150; and the Queen, 151; attitude of Left to, 151; Danton attacks, 168; defects to Austria, 168; later life, 312–13

Lally-Tollendal, Thomas-Arthur, Marquis de, 94, 109, 112, 313

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 223

Lamballe, Marie Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de (1749–92), 22, 23, 175–6, 183

Lameth, Alexandre, Comte de (1760–1829), 142, 313

Lameth, Théodore (1756–1854), 142, 181, 313

Lamoignon, Chrétien de (1735–89), 39, 40, 313

Langres, Bishop of, 99

Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte de, 199–200, 313

La Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de (1753–1824), 291, 294–5, 316

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre, Duc de, 42, 49, 87, 313

La Tour du Pin, Comtesse de, on Louis XVI, 20, 51; on Necker’s speech, 52; on Marie Antoinette, 52; on Mirabeau, 57; and anglomania, 58, later life, 313

Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de, 78; personality, 72–3, 74; preparations for attack, 74; meets delegation of Electors, 74; and Thuriot, 74–5; second bout of musketry fire, 78; decides to surrender, 79; opens gates, 80; death, 81; decapitation, 82

Le Bon, Joseph (1765–95), 228, 272

Lefebvre, Georges, 33–4

Legendre, Louis (1752–97), background and personality, 147; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Danton’s arrest, 239; and journée of 12 Germinal , 274; and bread riots, 277; and journée of 1 Prairial , 278; death of, 313

Legislative Assembly, attitude to monarchy, 136; Girondins, 136; attitude to war, 137; and émigrés , 138; concerned about counter-revolution, 145–6; and citizens’ demonstration, 148; declares state of emergency, 151; and dethronement of King, 154; King seeks protection of, 156, 158; sans-culottes force way into, 159

Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Louis-Michel, 216–17, 232

Letourneur, Étienne-François, 291, 297, 313

Lindet, Robert (1749–1825), 238, 271, 280, 299, 313

Lindet, Thomas, 110, 313

Linguet, Simon, 71, 313

Louis the Dauphin, father of Louis XVI (d. 1765), 21

Louis XIV, King (1638–1715), 28, 31

Louis XV, King (1710–74), 19, 20, 25, 28

Louis XVI, King (1754–93), succeeds to throne, 19; personality, 19, 23–4, 29, 49, 129, 205; appearance, 19–20, 51, 155; wedding, 20, 21; attitude to women, 21; sex, 21–2, 23; birth of his children, 23; domestic routine, 24–5; and his wife, 25, 27, 35; affairs of state, 27, 39; Turgot annoys, 35; and Necker, 36, 40, 44, 88–9; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61–2; death of his eldest son, 54, 61; lettres de cachet , 61; and revolt of Third Estate, 62–3; orders military reinforcements, 63, 64; and fall of Bastille, 87; and National Assembly, 87; dissatisfaction over his promises, 88; tricolour in his hat, 90; popularity, 90–91; withholds consent to National Assembly decrees, 95; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95, 96; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99, 100; advised to flee from Versailles, 98, 100; Lafayette reassures, 101; and the Dauphin, 102, 129; appears on balcony, 103, 104; journey to Tuileries, 104–5; ‘the baker’, 105; change in title, 109; and Mirabeau, 110, 111; at Fête de la Fédération , 114; and Civil Constitution, 115, 117, 118; hopes to recover lost authority, 116–17; decides to escape, 118–19; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 121–7; destroys papers, 128; the return to Paris, 128–30; and Lafayette, 130; vetoes Assembly’s decrees, 138; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary Wars, 144–5; replaces Ministers with Feuillants, 146; in despondency, 149; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and state of emergency, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 151–3; his abdication demanded, 154; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; seeks refuge in National Assembly, 158; to be imprisoned, 161–2; Convention sends for, 182; daily routine in prison, 182–3; condemned to death, 185; and his family, 185–6; execution, 186–9; and young Robespierre, 205

Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, Dauphin from 1789, later King Louis XVII (1785–95), birth of, 23; and Louis XVI, 102, 182, 186; and Marie Antoinette, 103–4, 118; on Tuileries, 105; at Fête de la Fédération , 114; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; return journey to Paris, 129; kicks up leaves, 157; soldier carries, 158; imprisoned, 182, 183; taken from his mother, 221; death of, 280

Louis Joseph Xavier, Dauphin (1781–9), 23, 54

Louis Philippe, see Chartres, Duc de

Louvet de Couvrai, Jean Baptiste (1760–97), 197, 228, 314

Lyons, depression, 34; outbreaks of fighting, 194; civil war, 202–3, 215; execution by cannon fire, 227; prisoners massacred, 272; royalist stronghold, 273

Maillard, Marie Julien Stanislas, 81, 97, 100, 172, 314

Malesherbes, Chrétien Lamoignon de (1721–94), 184

Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 41, 292, 314

Manège, Assembly established at, 104, 109; mob marches on, 148; royal family in, 158, 161; Convention transferred from, 197

Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1751–93), 150, 151, 157, 314

Marat, Albertine, 213, 314

Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), targets for his literary attacks, 140; appearance and personality, 140–41, 142; history, 141–2; urges violence, 146; urges attack on prisoners, 169; and septembriseurs , 176, 178; Girondins arraign, 196; Dr Moore on, 196–7; acquitted, 197; extreme popularity, 197–8; rings tocsin, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 201; Charlotte Corday murders, 212–13; David’s ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 216; and Custine, 215; busts of, 231, 232

Maria-Theresa, Empress of Austria (1717–80), 20

Marie Antoinette, Queen (1755–93), appearance, 20, 21, 51, 103, 221; personality, 20, 25, 26–7, 150; wedding, 20–21; and her husband, 21–2, 25, 98, 100, 118, 128, 149, 184, 185, 186; scurrilous rumours about, 22; birth of her children, 23; domestic routine, 24, 25; attitude to Court protocol, 25–6; Turgot annoys, 35; and Calonne, 38–9; and Necker, 44; at convention of Estates General, 50, 51, 52; and Third Estate, 59; applauded, 87; urges withdrawal of Court to Metz, 89; and market-women’s bread riot, 99, 100; escapes to King’s apartments, 101–2; shows herself to mob, 103, 104; leaves Versailles, 104–5; and Mirabeau, 111; at Fête de la Fédération , 114; becomes less unpopular, 117; mob at Tuileries, 118; aid from foreign powers, 119; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; and Assembly’s decree, 127; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary wars, 145; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Lafayette, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 152; Roederer advises, 157; fears for Dauphin’s safety, 158; life in prison, 182, 183; trial authorized, 215; Dauphin taken from, 221; trial and execution, 221–2