Christopher Hibbert - The Days of the French Revolution

Bordeaux, 34, 194, 228–9, 277

Bouillé, François-Claude, Marquis de, 121, 122, 127

Bourdon, Léonard, 265, 307

Bourienne, Fauvelet de, 303, 307

bread riots, 63, 91, 92, 96–7, 274; march of market women, 97–100, 101, 104–5; the ‘baker’, 105; 1789 harvest, 109; 1793 shortage, 216; rationed, 273; march of 12 Germinal , 274; ration reduced, 283, 292

Breteuil, Louis-Charles, Baron de, 64, 87, 88, 307

Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 38, 39–40, 307

Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), 141; history, 136–7; advocates war, 138; pleads for King’s life, 184; and Robespierre, 210; condemned to death, 222; sent to l’Abbaye, 223

Brittany, Young on conditions in, 30; riots, 40, 194; members of Third Estate, 50; tactics by delegates from, 93; Bretons and Angevins, 112; émigré forces land in, 281

Broglie, Victor-François, Duc de, 89, 308

Brunswick Manifesto, 153

Buzot, François, 136, 224, 308

calendar, new, 231

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734–1802), 37–9, 308

Cambon, Pierre Joseph, 260, 308

Campan, Madame, 149, 155

Campo-Formio, Treaty of, 296, 298

Camus, Armand Gaston, 112

Carichon, Abbé, 247–8

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 223

Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), on Committee of Public Safety, 215, 216; organizer of Revolution’s victory, 215–16; and Danton’s arrest, 238; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260; and Saint-Just, 261; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; spared, 279; Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 295; flees abroad, 297; later life, 308

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, 228, 272

Cazalès, Jacques de, 49, 308

Chabot, François, 158, 308

Champ de Mars, troops encamped on, 70; massacre of, 134–5; 14 July celebrations of 1792, 151–2; mob demands King’s abdication, 154; Bailly’s humiliation at, 224–5; Festival of Supreme Being, 253

Charles X, King, see Artois, Comte de

Chartres, Duc de, later King Louis Philippe (1773–1850), 178, 194, 308

Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard (1763–94), 230, 231, 244

Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719–85), 122–3, 128, 308–9

Chouans , 281, 283, 285

Church, the, riches and power of, 30–31; abolition of tithes, 95; estates nationalized, 109–10, 137; Civil constitution of the Clergy, 111; divided over schism with Rome, 111–12; anti-clericalism in Paris, 117–18, 230; de-Christianization campaign, 230–33; reaction against de-Christianization, 233; Robespierre attacks atheism, 251; Louis XVIII’s promise to, 281

clergy, landowners, 30; and taxation, 40; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Third Estate, 53–5, 59; and National Assembly, 62; Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 111–12, 115; and Legislative Assembly, 136, 145; non-juring priests, 138; campaigns against refractory priests, 146, 151, 168; September Massacres, 170; in National Convention, 180; deportation of priests, 194; celibacy denounced, 230; attitude to new calendar, 231; and de-Christianization programme, 233; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248; transportation of priests, 297–8; oath of hatred, 298

Clermont-Tonerre, Duc de, 49, 109, 309

Cléry, Jean-Baptiste, 182–3, 186, 189, 309

Club du Manège, 300

Coffinhal, Pierre, 266, 309

Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1749–96), on Committee of Public Safety, 217; Terror at Lyons, 227; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 241; and Robespierre, 254, 260; expelled from Jacobin Club, 261; and Saint-Just, 261–2; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transported, 274; death of, 309

comités de surveillance , 194

Commission of Twelve, 198, 199

Committee of Clemency, 235

Committee of General Security, and trial of Danton, 237, 242; and Robespierre, 257, 258, 259, 260; National Guard refused entry to, 263–4

Committee of Public Safety, authority of, 195; seizes Roland’s papers, 195; and Girondins, 199; attempts to subdue uprisings, 202; and Danton, 203, 214, 237; and Robespierre, 203, 211, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266; meets demands of Enragés , 214; takes increasingly zealous measures, 215; decrees levée en masse , 215; and Terror, 225; recalls agents to Paris, 233; and Hébertists, 235–6; and Indulgents , 236; Saint-Just and Danton’s trial, 242; law of 22 Priarial , 245; and centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; spies, 255; proposed distribution of confiscated estates, 256; Robespierrists in, 267; reduced powers of, 271

Committee of Thirty, 42

Commune of Paris, formation of, 91; and National Guardsmen, 153; disbanded, 154; and September Massacres, 176, 178; Girondins attempt to overthrow, 198; and Robespierrists, 237, 263, 264; purge, 271; rioters demand re-establishment of, 276

Compagnie du Soleil , 272

Conciergerie, 173, 221, 223, 267

Condé, Prince de, 281

Condorcet, Marie-Jean de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 42, 143, 309

Constituent Assembly, 133, 136

Constitution, promulgated, 136; grants King right of veto, 138; Queen’s opinion of, 143; sans-culottes demand resurrection of, 274, 276; new Constitution, 282, 283; oath of hatred of 1793 Constitution, 298; and Consuls of French Republic, 304

Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 212–14, 309–10

Cordeliers Club, encourage violence, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 134; and Hébert, 140; Legendre, 147; Danton, 167, 168; Roux, 212; Chaumette, 230

Couthon, Georges (1755–94), on Terror, 246; and Robespierre, 254, 257; compromises, 259; arrested, 263; falls downstairs, 266; execution, 267, 268

Custine, Armand-Louis, Marquis de 193, 194, 202, 215

Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), Minister of Justice, 162, 168; background and appearance, 165; personality, 165, 179; lawyer, 165–6, 206; orator, 166–7, 196; revolutionary, 167–8; call to arms, 169; and September Massacres, 178; Rolands vilify, 181; attitude to King, 181; territorial expansion, 193; defies European courts, 193; defends Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; and Girondins, 195–6, 199; joins Montagnards, 196; discredited, 203; proposal for Convention, 214–15; extravagant demands, 217; enjoys private life, 233–4; condemns de-Christianization programme, 234–5; advocates toleration and moderation, 235; and Robespierre, 235, 236–7, 244, 251; believes himself invulnerable, 236; on Virtue, 237; arrested, 238–9; remorse, 238; trial, 239, 241–3; and his condemned friends, 243–4; execution, 244; ‘natural frontiers’, 296

Dantonists, 215, 234, 235, 243–4

David, Jacques-Louis (1774–1825), ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 272; portrait of Lepeletier, 216–17, 272; and Danton, 244; and Festival of Supreme Being, 252; and Robespierre, 261; imprisoned, 279–80; portrait of Napoleon, 310; later life, 310

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 95, 100, 148, 267

Deflue, Louis, 72–3, 76, 80, 81, 82

Derobespierre family, see Robespierre

Desbouillons, Pierre-François, 159

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 141, 156; history, 65; calls mob to arms, 65–6; wants King brought to Paris, 96; in hiding, 135; and Girondins, 195, 236; his reference to Robespierre, 236; trial, 239; helps Fouquier-Tinville, 240; execution, 243

Desmoulins, Lucille, 156, 242, 243, 244–5

Desnot, an out-of-work cook , 81–2

Destez, Jacques, 126

Dillon, Théobald, 145

Directory, executive power of, 282; uniform, 282, 291; Directors, 291; statement of intent, 291; and Jacobins, 293, 294, 298; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 294–5; and Bonaparte, 295, 296–7; military plans, 296; and coup d’état of 18 Fructidor , 297–8; beneficial reforms by, 298; and Egyptian expedition, 298; levée en masse , 298; Councils attack, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300