Michael Dobbs - Down with Big Brother

64. Peter Wyden, Wall , p. 23.

65. Information from Checkpoint Charlie Museum.

66. Reuters dispatch from Berlin, August 18, 1995.

67. Wyden, p. 681.

68. Interview with Wałęsa adviser Bronisław Geremek, who was present at the conversation, July 1993.

69. BBC/Lapping, Fall of the Wall , Part II.

70. Reconstruction of events leading to fall of the wall by Der Spiegel , October 8, 1990. See also Elizabeth Pond, Beyond the Wall , pp. 1–3, 130–34.

71. Peter Ross Range, When Walls Come Tumbling Down .

72. BBC/Lapping, Fall of the Wall .

73. Time magazine, European edition (November 20, 1989), p. 15.

74. November 10, 1989. Complete text reprinted in Harold James and Marla Stone, eds., When the Wall Came Down , pp. 46–49.

75. Eyewitness account of former Soviet diplomat Igor Maksimichev, Nezavisimaya Gazeta , November 10–11, 1993.

76. Der Spiegel 41 (1990), pp. 104–09.

77. Nezavisimaya Gazeta , November 10, 1993.

78. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 2, p. 412.

79. Der Spiegel 40 (1995), pp. 66–81.

80. Boldin, p. 143.

81. Kochemasov interview, MN , November 29, 1992, p. 12.

82. Chernyayev, p. 304.

83. East German Communist Party archives. Quoted in Hannes Adomeit, Post-Soviet Affairs (July-September 1994), p. 215.

84. Kochemasov, op. cit .

85. BBC/Lapping interview with presidential adviser Yuri Osipyan.

86. BBC/Lapping interview.

87. Kochemasov, op cit . See also Yakovčev.

88. Nezavisimaya Gazeta , November 10, 1993.

89. Ibid.

90. “Dubĉek Returns; Prague Spring Reformer Cheered in Wenceslas Square,” WP , November 25, 1989, p. A1.

91. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 2, p. 353.

92. Interview, August 1988.

93. See Alexander Dubĉek, Hope Dies Last , pp. 8–73 passim.

94. Interview, August 1988. See Dobbs, “The Czech’s Long Dissent; Playwright Vaclav Havel, 20 years after the Soviet Invasion,” WP , August 22, 1988, p. C1.

95. Mlynář, Nightfrost in Prague , p. 146.

96. Dubĉek, p. 178.

97. Dobbs, “The Autumn of Alexander Dubĉek,” WP , August 17, 1988, p. A12.

98. Dobbs, “The Czech’s Long Dissent.”

99. “Police Riot Sticks Spawn a Revolution,” WP , January 14, 1990, p. A39.

100. WP , November 25, 1989, p. A1.

101. David Pryce-Jones, The Strange Death of the Soviet Empire , p. 335.

102. “A Brutal Mistake Sparks a Revolution,” LAT , December 17, 1989, p. Q12.

103. Dobbs, “Romania’s Cult of the Personality,” Guardian (London, June 20, 1980).

104. Chernyayev, p. 81; Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 2, p. 397.

105. Transcript of Political Executive Committee meeting, published in România Libera , January 10, 1990.

106. Eyewitness testimony to author, December 1989.

107. Edward Behr, Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite , p. 17.

108. Transcript of trial, quoted in John Sweeney, The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceausescu , p. 225.

109. Ibid., p. 217.

110. Author’s contemporaneous notes. See Dobbs, “Dictator’s Dream Took Harsh Toll,” WP , January 5, 1990, p. A1.

111. Interview with former NKVD executioner Vladimir Tokaryev, Observer (London, October 6, 1991), p. 1.

112. 82nd Congress. The Katyn Forest Massacre , p. 1661.

113. Ibid., p. 1660.

114. Interview with Dmitri Volkogonov, January 1995. See also Komsomolskaya Pravda , October 15, 1992, p. 3.

115. Yeltsin provided Poland with copies of Katyn documents in October 1992. For facsimiles and English translation, see Wojciech Materski et al., Katyn: Documents of Genocide.

116. “The Katyn Documents: Politics and History,” RFE/RL research, vol. 2, no. 4 (January 22, 1993), p. 27.

117. Joint memorandum from Shevardnadze, Falin, and Kryuchkov, in author’s possession. See also Materski and RFE/RL, “The Katyn Documents,” pp. 28–29.

118. Interview, January 1993. See Dobbs, “Gorbachev’s Veracity Challenged,” WP , January 22, 1993, p. A23.

119. In interview, Boldin said he showed Gorbachev original copies of the secret Soviet-German protocols in July 1987. Gorbachev continued to insist that the originals could not be found.

120. Statement to author, January 1993.

121. Interview, June 1993.

122. Falin memorandum, February 22, 1990, quoted in RFE/RL, “The Katyn Documents,” p. 29.

123. Official Tass statement, April 15, 1990.

124. Yeltsin, Struggle for Russia , p. 291.

125. Yeltsin, Against the Grain , pp. 157–58.

126. Ibid., p. 164.

127. Sukhanov, pp. 145 and 150.

128. Ibid., p. 146.

129. Ibid., p. 153.

130. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr Nekrich, Utopia in Power , p. 251.

131. Author’s contemporary notes. “Yeltsin wins presidency of Russia,” WP , May 30, 1990, p. A1.

132. Dobbs, “Yeltsin Presses for Sovereign Russia,” WP , May 31, 1990, p. A1.

133. Yeltsin, Struggle for Russia , p. 18. For a slightly different account of the conversation, see Sukhanov, p. 269.

134. Yeltsin, Struggle for Russia , pp. 20–21.

135. Viktor Alksnis interview with Sovietskaya Rossiya , reported in “Conservative calls on Gorbachev to get tough,” WP , November 22, 1990, p. A62.

136. Petrakov interview, February 1991.

137. Shevardnadze, p. 212.

138. Ibid., p. 197.

139. Ibid., pp. 223–26.

140. “Shevardnazde quits as foreign minister,” WP , December 21, 1990, p. A1.

141. Quoted in Kaiser, pp. 388–89.

1. Shevardnadze, p. 215.

2. Yevgenia Albats, The State Within a State , pp. 279–80.

3. Radio interview with coup investigator, FBIS-SOV-92-024, p. 61.

4. Vadim Bakatin, “Neizbezhnaya Otstavka,” Znamya (Moscow), no. 12 (1991), pp. 216–19.

5. Albats, p. 277.

6. Politburo debate, April 2, 1981, TsKhSD.

7. Vadim Bakatin, Izbavleniye ot KGB , p. 46.

8. Albats, p. 24.

9. Bakatin, Izbavleniye ot KGB , p. 44.

10. Ibid., p. 50.

11. Interview, August 1993.

12. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate , pp. 243–44.

13. V. Stepankov and E. Lisov, Kremlyovskii Zagovor , pp. 53–54.

14. Interview with Kryuchkov’s wife, Moskovskaya Pravda , August 22, 1992 (FBIS USR-92-119), p. 10. See also Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 446, and Leonid Shebarshin, Iz Zhizni Nachalnika Razvedki , pp. 7–9.

15. Gorbachev interview with Yuri Shchekochikhin, Literaturnaya Gazeta , December 4, 1991 (FBIS-SOV-91-233), p. 26.

16. Chernyayev, p. 484.

17. The author was a witness to these events. See “Soviet troops seize Lithuania’s TV station” and “Lithuania under Soviet military curfew,” WP , January 13, 1991, p. A1, and WP , January 14, p. A1, p. A13.

18. Interview with Lithuanian Procurator General Paulaskas, Izvestia , January 14, 1992 (FBIS-USR-92-013), p. 28.

19. Interviews with victims’ relatives, January 1991. See also official statement by Lithuanian Deputy Procurator General Norkunas, February 18, 1991.

20. Interview, January 13, 1991.

21. Stepankov and Lisov, pp. 272–79.

22. Boltunov, p. 188.

23. Norkunas statement.

24. Radio conversation intercepted by Lithuanian authorities. See Literaturnaya Gazeta (Moscow, July 10, 1991), p. 3.