Michael Dobbs - Down with Big Brother

136. Jaruzelski learned about this legend when he received a visit from one of his former neighbors after becoming president of Poland in 1989. Interview with author, August 1993.

137. Jaruzelski interview. See also Jaruzelski, Les Chaînes et le Refuge , pp. 41–66.

138. Jaruzelski interview.

139. Jaruzelski, Les Chaînes et le Refuge , p. 50.

140. Ibid., p. 116.

141. Ibid., p. 38.

142. Ibid., p. 279.

143. Miecyzsław Rakowski, Jak To Się Stało , p. 25.

144. Dokumenty Teczka Susłowa , p. 52.

145. Svietlov interview, Gazeta Wyborcza .

146. Jan Nowak, Wojna W Eterze , p. 255.

147. Janusz Rolicki, Edward Gierek Replika , p. 84.

148. Jaruzelski, Les Chaînes et le Refuge , p. 146.

149. See, for example, Soviet Politburo discussion, October 29, 1980, in which Gromyko describes Jaruzelski as a “reliable person” but expresses concern about his statement that “Polish soldiers will not fire on Polish workers.” TsKhSD.

150. Czesław Kiszczak, General Kiszczak mówi …, p. 129.

151. Jaruzelski, Les Chaînes et le Refuge , p. 291.

152. Rakowski, p. 25.

153. Jaruzelski, Les Chaînes et le Refuge , p. 272.

154. Interview with Polish government spokesman Jerzy Urban, “CIA had agent on Polish General Staff,” WP , June 4, 1986. See also Jaruzelski, Stan Wojenny Dlaczego , pp. 356–58.

155. Interview with former NSC staffer Richard Pipes, June 2, 1994. According to Pipes, the CIA held information provided by Kukliński so tightly that it never entered the bureaucratic “machine.” Even Secretary of State Alexander Haig was unaware of Kukliński’s existence. Pipes later learned that the CIA considered Kukliński’s warnings “extremely implausible.” The CIA has never provided a full explanation for its handling of the Kukliński affair.

156. Jaruzelski, Stan Wojenny Dlaczego , p. 404.

157. Jaruzelski interview, August 1993.

158. Kiszczak, pp. 129–30.

159. Dokumenty Teczka Susłowa , p. 78. Jaruzelski, Stan Wojenny Dlaczego , pp. 390–91.

160. Jaruzelski interview, August 1993.

161. Ibid.

162. Politburo session, December 10, 1981, TsKhSD, translated in Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (1995), P. 137.

163. Jaruzelski interview, Gazeta Wyborcza , December 14, 1992, p. 13. No official transcript of this conversation has yet been published. The former KGB resident in Warsaw, Pavlov, claims that Suslov declined a request by Jaruzelski for military assistance in the event of difficulties in enforcing martial law. He quotes Suslov as saying, “We will help you materially, financially, and politically, but not with armed force.” Interview with Gazeta Wyborcza , February 20, 1993, p. 15.

164. Gazeta Wyborcza , December 14, 1992, p. 13.

165. Jaruzelski testimony to Sejm commission, March 9–10, 1993. Sąd Nad Autorami Stanu Wojennego , p. 235.

166. I have relied on the account of my WP assistant, Marek Olbrich, who was present for this final Solidarity session in Gdańsk.

167. Interview, WP , November 16, 1982, pp. A1–A14.

168. Bujak interview, Maciej Łopiński et al., K onspira , p. 5.

169. Wałęsa, A Way of Hope , pp. 207–10.

170. Dobbs, WP , January 17, 1982, p. A1; March 14, 1982, p. A1.

171. CPSU Politburo debate, January 14, 1982, translated in Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (1995), P. 138.

172. Chazov, p. 148.

173. Vladimir Medvedev, p. 176.

174. Chazov, pp. 168–69.

175. Interview, December 1992.

176. Luba Brezhneva, The World I Left Behind , p. 162.

177. MN , no. 21, 1992, p. 16.

178. A copy of the report was leaked to Washington Post Moscow correspondent Dusko Doder (WP , August 3, 1983, p. A1). The full text of the Novosibirsk report was published in Tatiana Zaslavskaya, A Voice of Reform , pp. 158–83. Zaslavskaya described the background to the report in an interview with the author in August 1987.

179. Quoted in Henry Rowen and Charles Wolf (eds.), The Future of the Soviet Empire , p. 26.

180. Brzezinski, p. 36.

181. LAT , November 7, 1981, pp. 1, 8.

182. Peter Hebblethwaite and Ludwig Kaufmann, John Paul II , p. 108.

183. David Willey, God’s Politician , p. 30.

184. Hebblethwaite and Kaufmann, p. 34.

185. Interview with Szumiejko, Konspira , p. 208.

186. Politburo session, April 26, 1984, TsKhSD.

187. Ibid.

1. Soviet Military Power (1981), p. 64.

2. Report of the Completion of the Factfinding Investigation Regarding the Shooting Down of Korean Airlines Flight 007 (International Civil Aviation Organization, 1993), p. 49. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB—The Inside Story , p. 497.

3. Osipovich interview in Izvestia , January 24, 1991, translated in FBIS-SOV-91-025, p. 8. See also Seymour M. Hersh, “ The Target Is Destroyed, ” pp. 17–19.

4. Alexander Zuyev, Fulcrum , pp. 124–26.

5. Osipovich, op. cit.

6. ICAO annex, pp. 65–66.

7. Ibid., pp. 146, 149.

8. Ibid., p. 103.

9. Ibid., pp. 127–29.

10. Osipovich, p. 11.

11. ICAO annex, pp. 9–10.

12. ICAO report, pp. 56–59.

13. Osipovich, p. 13.

14. ICAO annex, p. 72.

15. Chazov, p. 181. Arbatov, p. 286.

16. See, for example, speech marking fiftieth anniversary celebrations of KGB, December 20, 1967, reprinted in Martin Ebon, The Andropov File , pp. 166–76.

17. Chazov, p. 175.

18. Ibid., p. 90.

19. S. F. Akhromeyev and G. M. Kornienko, Glazami Marshala i Diplomata , p. 49.

20. Politburo session, September 2, 1983, TsKhSD, published in Rossiyskie Vesti , August 25, 1992, pp. 1–4, translated in FBIS-SOV-92-167, p. 7.

21. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, pp. 45–46.

22. Rossiyskie Vesti , loc cit.

23. Izvestia , May 23, 1991, p. 6, translated in FBIS-SOV-91-104, p. 5.

24. Interview with Osipovich, Izvestia , January 25, 1991, p. 7, translated in FBIS-SOV-91-025, p. 12.

25. Izvestia , May 23, 1991.

26. NYT , September 11, 1983, p. A16.

27. Ronald Reagan, An American Life , p. 588.

28. Ibid., pp. 585–86.

29. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 1, p. 249.

30. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin , p. 70.

31. Nikolai Ryzhkov, Perestroika—Istoria Predatel’stv , p. 78.

32. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 1, p. 264.

33. Grishin testimony for the BBC television series The Second Russian Revolution . See also Anatoly S. Chernyayev, Shest’ Let s Gorbachevym , pp. 30–31, and Boldin, p. 59.

34. Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution , pp. 5–6. See also Ryzhkov, pp. 78–79. Ligachev (pp. 68–70) gives a slightly different version of events, but his testimony is colored by a wish to emphasize his own role in Gorbachev’s election.

35. See, for example, comments by Georgi Arbatov in The Second Russian Revolution .

36. Gorbachev address to former classmates, June 16, 1990, recorded by BBC for The Second Russian Revolution . Gorbachev also referred to this incident in a talk to American intellectuals in Washington in June 1990. (FBIS-SOV-90-107, p. 15.) See also Raisa Gorbachev, I Hope , pp. 4–5, and Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 1, p. 265.