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Michael Dobbs - Down with Big Brother

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Название:
Down with Big Brother
Автор:
Michael Dobbs
Издательство:
Vintage Books
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0-307-77316-6
Рейтинг книги:
4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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“One of the great stories of our time… a wonderful anecdotal history of a great drama.”
—
“
ranks very high among the plethora of books about the fall of the Soviet Union and the death throes of Communism. It is possibly the most vividly written of the lot.”
— Adam B. Ulam, Washington Post Book World
As
correspondent in Moscow, Warsaw, and Yugoslavia in the final decade of the Soviet empire, Michael Dobbs had a ringside seat to the extraordinary events that led to the unraveling of the Bolshevik Revolution. From Tito’s funeral to the birth of Solidarity in the Gdańsk shipyard, from the tragedy of Tiananmen Square to Boris Yeltsin standing on a tank in the center of Moscow, Dobbs saw it all.
The fall of communism was one of the great human dramas of our century, as great a drama as the original Bolshevik revolution. Dobbs met almost all of the principal actors, including Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Walesa, Václav Havel, and Andrei Sakharov. With a sweeping command of the subject and the passion and verve of an eyewitness, he paints an unforgettable portrait of the decade in which the familiar and seemingly petrified Cold War world—the world of Checkpoint Charlie and Dr. Strangelove—vanished forever.

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150. Ryzkhov, p. 231.

151. Chernyayev, pp. 14, 25, 192.

152. See, for example, comments by Paul Nitze, Princeton conference, Session III.

153. Gromov, p. 219, Akhromeyev and Kornienko, p. 167.

154. Interview, July 1993.

155. Chernyayev, p. 120.

156. Interview, June 1993.

157. Gromov, p. 254.

158. The conversation took place on December 16, 1986. Andrei Sakharov, Memoirs , p. 615.

159. Pravda , May 28, 1992, p. 3.

160. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, p. 76.

161. Boldin, p. 167.

162. Chernyayev, p. 159.

163. Dobrynin, p. 625.

164. Boris Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia , p. 179.

165. Boris Yeltsin, Against the Grain , pp. 18–22.

166. Lev Sukhanov, Tri Goda s Yeltsinym , p. 143.

167. Yeltsin, Struggle for Russia , p. 98.

168. Yeltsin, Against the Grain , p. 67.

169. Ibid., p. 156.

170. Izvestia , no. 2, 1989, TsKh KPSS, pp. 214–15.

171. Yeltsin, Against the Grain , p. 76.

172. Ibid., p. 144.

173. Boldin, p. 235.

174. Izvestia , TsKh KPSS, p. 241.

175. Yeltsin, Against the Grain , p. 147.

176. Chernyayev, p. 135.

177. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 1, p. 374.

178. Yeltsin, Against the Grain , pp. 153–54 Gorbachev maintains that Yeltsin’s condition was stable.

179. Moskovskaya Pravda , November 13, 1987.

180. Boris Yeltsin, Ispoved’ na Zadannuyu Temu , p. 178. This crucial quote was inexplicably dropped from the English version, Against the Grain . Gorbachev says this conversation took place before the Moscow party plenum.

181. Ligachev, pp. 83 and 264.

182. Ibid., pp. 256–60.

183. Interview, April 1993.

184. Interview, June 1993.

185. Interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda , June 5, 1990. For additional details on Yakovlev’s family background, see profile by Bill Keller, NYT Magazine , February 19, 1989.

186. Speech marking hundredth anniversary of Khrushchev’s birth, Moscow Times , April 16, 1994.

187. Interview, June 1993.

188. Ibid.

189. Ligachev, p. 105.

190. Chernyayev, p. 204.

191. BBC, The Second Russian Revolution , Part II; BBC/Lapping interviews with Laptev, Starkov, and Belyayev. See also Roxburgh, pp. 83–87. For Ligachev’s self-serving account of the incident, see pp. 298–307.

192. Pravda , March 19, 1988.

193. Chernyayev, pp. 204–05.

194. Dobrynin, p. 737.

195. This account is reconstructed from Chernyayev and the Politburo transcript of the March 25 debate, published in Mikhail Gorbachev, Avant-Mémoires , pp. 211–30. See also Vitaly Vorotnikov, A Bylo Eto Tak , pp. 198–203.

196. Ligachev, pp. 304–08.

197. Chernyayev, pp. 208–12.

198. Interview with WP , May 18, 1988.

199. Gorbachev, Avant-Mémoires , p. 215.

200. Boldin, p. 169.

201. Chernyayev, p. 204. See also Vorotnikov, p. 234.

202. See, for example, Gorbachev press conference in Paris, October 6, 1985.

203. Interview with Niklus, October 1988.

204. Dobbs, “Gorbachev Plan Wins Support in Estonia,” WP , October 17, 1988, p. A1.

205. Ligachev, pp. 137–40. Interview with Yakovlev, June 1993.

206. Chernyayev, p. 250.

207. FBIS-SOV-99-236, December 8, 1988, pp. 11–19.

208. Chernyayev, p. 267.

209. Ryzkhov, p. 179; Chernyayev, p. 267.

210. WP , December 12, 1988, p. A1.

211. Politburo meeting, February 29, 1988, TsKhSD.

III: REVOLT OF THE NATIONS

1. Chernyayev interview, July 1991.

2. Interviews with author, Termez, February 6, 1989.

3. Abdur Rahman, quoted in Afghanistan, the Great Game , p. 3.

4. Quoted in WP , February 13, 1989, p. A1.

5. Gromov, pp. 327–28.

6. Ibid., p. 311.

7. Ibid., p. 258.

8. Ibid., pp. 312, 342.

9. Ibid., p. 341.

10. Ibid., p. 347.

11. Dobbs, “Soviet Voters’ Revolt Carries Hidden Dangers for Gorbachev,” WP , March 29, 1989, p. A18.

12. Videotape of demonstration by Georgian filmmaker Eldar Shengalaya.

13. Rodionov address to Congress, May 30, 1989 (FBIS-SOV-89-125-S), p. 8. For an outsider’s impressions of Rodionov, see Anatoly Sobchak, Tbiliskii Izlom , pp. 79–80, 108–10.

14. Sobchak, pp. 134, 70–71. Defense Ministry instructions to Rodionov are reprinted on p. 211.

15. For Rodionov’s version of the conversation, see Ibid., p. 130. For Patiashvili’s, see FBIS-SOV-89-125-S, p. 13.

16. Sobchak, p. 132.

17. This account is reconstructed from videotape of the demonstration and Sobchak, pp. 138–44.

18. In addition to Sobchak commission investigation, the report prepared by Physicians for Human Rights, “Bloody Sunday—Trauma in Tbilisi,” February 1990, was very helpful.

19. KGB transcript, Sobchak, p. 66.

20. WP , May 18, 1989, p. A38.

21. See Dobbs, “Gorbachev, Deng to Meet on Rough Roads to Reform,” WP , May 14, 1989, p. A1.

22. “Tale of Two Reformers,” Moscow’ Times , April 16, 1994, p. 8.

23. Patrick Tyler, “Deng’s Daughter Opens a Long-Shut Door,” NYT , January 13, 1995, p. A1.

24. Orville Schell, Mandate of Heaven , p. 137.

25. Harrison Salisbury, Tiananmen Diary , p. 161.

26. NYT , January 13, 1995, p. A1.

27. Testimony quoted in Yi Mu and Mark Thompson, Crisis at Tiananmen , p. 268.

28. Salisbury, p. 56.

29. Custine, p. 346 ff. This translation taken from Journey for Our Time , George Prior, 1980, pp. 154–56.

30. Speech by Leonid Sukhov, FBIS-SOV-89-112-S, p. 25.

31. Speech by Yuri Vlasov, FBIS-SOV-89-127-S, p. 34.

32. Speech by Yuri Karyakin, FBIS-SOV-89-142-S, p. 10.

33. FBIS-SOV-89-125-S, pp. 5–14.

34. Speech by Alexei Yablokov, FBIS-SOV-89-159-S, pp. 23–27.

35. Speech by Yuri Chernichenko, FBIS-SOV-89-134-S, pp. 18–20.

36. Boldin, p. 224.

37. Andrei Sakharov, Moscow and Beyond, 1986–1989 , pp. 131–32.

38. Yakovlev interview, July 1993.

39. FBIS-SOV-89-142-S, p. 3. See also Anatoly Sobchak, For a New Russia , pp. 31–33, and Sakharov, Moscow and Beyond , pp. 133–35.

40. Sobchak, For a New Russia , p. 32.

41. Vorotnikov, pp. 239, 260–61.

42. Boldin, pp. 226–28.

43. Interview with Andrei Grachev, December 1989.

44. WP , June 7, 1989, p. A17.

45. Wałęsa, The Struggle and the Triumph , pp. 167 and 174.

46. WP , June 5, 1989, p. A1; “The Curtain Rises,” LAT , December 17, 1989, p. Q6.

47. Interview, July 1993.

48. Rakowski, p. 227.

49. Ibid., p. 228. See also official transcript of meeting, published in Kultura (Paris), no. 3 (1993), pp. 41–51.

50. “The Curtain Rises,” LAT , p. Q6.

51. Yan Kasimov, “Holiday-making in Crimea,” MN , no. 34, 1992, p. 10.

52. Title of editorial by Adam Michnik, Gazeta Wyborcza , July 4, 1989.

53. WP , July 7, 1989, p. A19.

54. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformi , vol. 2, p. 355.

55. WP , October 27, 1989, p. A22.

56. Interview, August 1993.

57. Interview, April 1993.

58. Chernyayev, pp. 294–95.

59. Ibid., p. 295.

60. Rakowski, p. 254.

61. Interview with Georgi Shakhnazarov, Gorbachev adviser, July 1993.

62. Rakowski, pp. 244–45.

63. Blaine Harden, “Refugees Force a Fateful Choice,” WP , January 14, 1990, p. A35.