Eric Schlosser - Command and Control

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Command and Control: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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The New Yorker “Excellent… hair-raising
is how nonfiction should be written.” (Louis Menand)
Time
“A devastatingly lucid and detailed new history of nuclear weapons in the U.S…. fascinating.” (Lev Grossman)
Financial Times
“So incontrovertibly right and so damnably readable… a work with the multilayered density of an ambitiously conceived novel… Schlosser has done what journalism does at its best."
Los Angeles Times
“Deeply reported, deeply frightening… a techno-thriller of the first order.” Famed investigative journalist Eric Schlosser digs deep to uncover secrets about the management of America’s nuclear arsenal. A ground-breaking account of accidents, near-misses, extraordinary heroism, and technological breakthroughs,
explores the dilemma that has existed since the dawn of the nuclear age: how do you deploy weapons of mass destruction without being destroyed by them? That question has never been resolved — and Schlosser reveals how the combination of human fallibility and technological complexity still poses a grave risk to mankind.
Written with the vibrancy of a first-rate thriller,
interweaves the minute-by-minute story of an accident at a nuclear missile silo in rural Arkansas with a historical narrative that spans more than fifty years. It depicts the urgent effort by American scientists, policymakers, and military officers to ensure that nuclear weapons can’t be stolen, sabotaged, used without permission, or detonated inadvertently. Schlosser also looks at the Cold War from a new perspective, offering history from the ground up, telling the stories of bomber pilots, missile commanders, maintenance crews, and other ordinary servicemen who risked their lives to avert a nuclear holocaust. At the heart of the book lies the struggle, amid the rolling hills and small farms of Damascus, Arkansas, to prevent the explosion of a ballistic missile carrying the most powerful nuclear warhead ever built by the United States.
Drawing on recently declassified documents and interviews with men who designed and routinely handled nuclear weapons,
takes readers into a terrifying but fascinating world that, until now, has been largely hidden from view. Through the details of a single accident, Schlosser illustrates how an unlikely event can become unavoidable, how small risks can have terrible consequences, and how the most brilliant minds in the nation can only provide us with an illusion of control. Audacious, gripping, and unforgettable,
is a tour de force of investigative journalism, an eye-opening look at the dangers of America’s nuclear age.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=h_ZvrSePzZY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2wR11pGsYk

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PART FIVE: DAMASCUS

Balanced and Unbalanced

James L. “Skip” Rutherford III was working: Interview with Skip Rutherford.

“It’s about the Titan missiles”: Ibid.

The missiles were old, the airmen said: I spoke to one of the airmen, who preferred to remain anonymous, and he confirmed Rutherford’s account.

Pryor was disturbed by the information: Interview with David H. Pryor.

other members of Congress were concerned: Dan Glickman spoke to me about his efforts to retire the Titan II. I’m glad that he saved a copy of the Damascus accident report and donated it to Wichita State University, along with his other congressional papers.

At Launch Complex 533-7, about an hour southeast of Wichita: My description of the accident in Rock, Kansas, is based principally on “Report of Missile Accident Investigation: Major Missile Accident, Titan II Complex 533-7, Assigned to 381st Strategic Missile Wing, McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas,” conducted at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, September 22–October 10, 1978. Albert A. Kamas, a Wichita attorney who represented a number of people hurt in the accident, not only shared his memory of the event but also sent me documents, newspaper clippings, and videotaped local news accounts of it. Julie Charlip, who covered the story for the Wichita Eagle, graciously shared her reporting on it. And Colonel Ben G. Scallorn, who headed the accident investigation, discussed its findings with me.

Malinger had never been inside a Titan II silo before: See David Goodwin, “Victim of AF Missile Accident Wanted Only to Be a Mechanic,” Wichita Eagle , January 18, 1979.

“Oh my God, the poppet”: “Major Missile Accident, Titan II Complex 533-7,” affidavit of Charles B. Frost, Second Lieutenant, Tab U-4, page 3.

“What was the poppet”: Ibid.

“Get out of here, let’s get out”: Quoted in ibid.

“Where are you?”: Ibid.

“Come back to the control center”: Ibid.

“I can’t see”: Quoted in ibid., affidavit of Richard I. Bacon, Jr., Second Lieutenant, Tab U-7.

“Hey, I smell Clorox”: Quoted in ibid., Frost affidavit, Tab U-4, p. 3.

quickly registered one to three parts per million: Cited in ibid., p. 5.

“My God, help us, help us, we need help”: Quoted in ibid., p. 4.

“Hey, door eight is locked”: Ibid.

“Hey, you guys, get out of here”: Ibid., p. 5.

“Come help me”: Quoted in ibid.

“This is three-seven…. The locks are on the safe”: Ibid.

“Where’s the dep, where’s the dep?”: Quoted in ibid.

“We’ll get him later”: Ibid.

“My God, please help me”: Quoted in ibid., Affidavit of Keith E. Matthews, First Lieutenant, Tab U-3, p. 4.

“Get them under the fire hydrant”: Ibid., p. 5.

Jackson… climbed the ladder all the way to the bottom in his RFHCO: It was clearly possible to wear a RFHCO and enter the escape hatch. “Airman Jackson changed helmets,” the report said, “and went to the bottom of the air intake shaft (escape hatch) but could not find the entry to the control center.” Jackson had never been in it before and climbed down until reaching a pool of water at the very bottom. The darkness and the cloud of oxidizer — not the size of the shaft or the escape hatch — prevented him from getting into the control center. The quote is from page 8 of the report. See also the affidavit of John C. Mock, Jr., technical sergeant, Tab U-25, pp. 1–2. Mock was a PTS team chief and supervisor, but he’d never gone down the escape hatch, either.

Someone hadn’t put a filter inside the oxidizer line: See “Major Missile Accident, Titan II Complex 533-7,” p. 10.

someone may have deliberately omitted the filter: According to Jeff Kennedy, oxidizer would flow more quickly without the filter, and the job could be completed in less time. Some PTS crews were willing to break the rules. But if you wanted to cut corners and not get caught, you also had to remove the O-ring. Otherwise it might clog the line and cause a leak — like it did during the Rock, Kansas, accident. Kennedy interview. See also Julie Charlip, “Missile Workers a Special Breed,” Wichita Eagle , May 31, 1981.

The Air Force recommended… that black vinyl electrical tape be used: After the accident, the Air Force assembled a team of experts from Boeing, NASA, Martin-Marietta, and other aerospace groups to examine the RFHCOs involved in the Rock, Kansas, accident. They found, among other things, that the suits were vulnerable to leakage at the “glove-cuff interface,” especially when a forceful spray of liquid was applied there. Sealing the interface with vinyl electrical tape, the group decided, would be a possible, “very short term solution.” See “Class A Ground Launch Missile Mishap Progress Report No. 61,” Eighth Air Force Accident Investigation Board, McConnell Air Force Base, September 24, 1978; and Julie Charlip, “Missile Suit Flawed, Says AF Report,” Wichita Eagle , February 20, 1979.

Carl Malinger had a stroke, went into a coma: See Goodwin, “Victim of AF Missile Accident.”

his mother later felt enormous anger at the Air Force: Ibid.

failed to “comply with [Technical Order] 21M-LGM25C-2-12”: “Major Missile Accident, Titan II Complex 533-7,” p. 11.

“To err is human, …to forgive is not SAC policy”: Quoted in Moody, Building a Strategic Air Force , p. 469.

Its warhead was more than seven times more powerful: The single W-56 warhead on the Minuteman II had a yield of about 1.2 megatons. The W-62 warheads carried by Minuteman III missiles at the time had a yield of about 170 kilotons. Each Minuteman III had three of them, for a combined yield of slightly more than half a megaton. The 9-megaton warhead atop the Titan II was far more powerful.

the fifty-four Titan IIs represented roughly one third of their total explosive force: Cited in Walter Pincus, “Aging Titan II Was Time Bomb Ready to Go Off,” Washington Post , September 20, 1980.

one of Rutherford’s confidential sources later told him: Rutherford interview. See also Pincus, “Aging Titan II Was Time Bomb.”

a siren “might cause people to leave areas of safety”: “Letter, From Colonel Richard D. Osborn, Chief Systems Liaison Division, Office of Legislative Liaison, To Senator David Pryor,” November 7, 1979, David H. Pryor Papers, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

Colonel Richard D. Osborn told Pryor: Ibid. The sirens could prove especially dangerous, Osborn argued, “during periods of darkness.”

one half to two thirds of the Air Force’s F-15 fighters were grounded: The Tactical Air Command considered a plane “fully mission capable” if it could be flown with one day of preparation. In 1978 about 35 percent of TAC’s F-15 fighters were fully mission capable; the proportion was about 56 percent in 1980. Cited in Marshall L. Michel III, “The Revolt of the Majors: How the Air Force Changed After Vietnam,” dissertation submitted to Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, December 15, 2006, pp. 290–91.

The Strategic Air Command had lost more than half of its personnel: In 1961, SAC had 280,582 personnel; by 1978, it had 123,042. The 1961 figure is cited in Polmar, Strategic Air Command , p. 72. The 1977 figure comes from Alwyn Lloyd, A Cold War Legacy, 1946–1992: A Tribute to Strategic Air Command (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1999), p. 516.

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