Günter Bischof - The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968

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On August 20, 1968, tens of thousands of Soviet and East European ground and air forces moved into Czechoslovakia and occupied the country in an attempt to end the “Prague Spring” reforms and restore an orthodox Communist regime. The leader of the Soviet Communist Party, Leonid Brezhnev, was initially reluctant to use military force and tried to pressure his counterpart in Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek, to crack down. But during the summer of 1968, after several months of careful deliberations, the Soviet Politburo finally decided that military force was the only option left. A large invading force of Soviet, Polish, Hungarian, and Bulgarian troops received final orders to move into Czechoslovakia; within 24 hours they had established complete military control of Czechoslovakia, bringing an end to hopes for “socialism with a human face.”
Dubcek and most of the other Czechoslovak reformers were temporarily restored to power, but their role from late August 1968 through April 1969 was to reverse many of the reforms that had been adopted. In April 1969, Dubchek was forced to step down for good, bringing a final end to the Prague Spring. Soviet leaders justified the invasion of Czechoslovakia by claiming that “the fate of any socialist country is the common affair of all socialist countries” and that the Soviet Union had both a “right” and a “sacred duty” to “defend socialism” in Czechoslovakia. The invasion caused some divisions within the Communist world, but overall the use of large-scale force proved remarkably successful in achieving Soviet goals. The United States and its NATO allies protested but refrained from direct military action and covert operations to counter the Soviet-led incursion into Czechoslovakia.
The essays of a dozen leading European and American Cold War historians analyze this turning point in the Cold War in light of new documentary evidence from the archives of two dozen countries and explain what happened behind the scenes. They also reassess the weak response of the United States and consider whether Washington might have given a “green light,” if only inadvertently, to the Soviet Union prior to the invasion.

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Vladislav Zubokis an associate professor in the Department of History at Temple University in Philadelphia. He is the author of numerous articles and several books, including the prize-winning Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev with C. Pleshakov (1996) and A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (2007). Zubok’s latest book, Zhivago’s Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia , was published in 2009. He is the director of the Carnegie Corporation’s funded international educational project “Russia and the World in the 20th century” for junior faculty in humanities and social sciences from Russian regional universities and a former fellow of the National Security Archive, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and current consultant of The Likhachev Foundation in St. Petersburg.

THE HARVARD COLD WAR STUDIES BOOK SERIES

SERIES EDITOR: MARK KRAMER, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Edited by Thomas P. Bernstein and Hua-yu Li

Globalizing de Gaulle: International Perspectives on French Foreign Policies, 1958–1969

Edited by Christian Nuenlist, Anna Locher, and Garret Martin

The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968

Edited by Günter Bischof, Stefan Karner, and Peter Ruggenthaler

Copyright

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Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK

Published by Lexington Books

A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

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Copyright © 2010 by Lexington Books

All rights reserved . No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Prague spring and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 / edited by Günter Bischof, Stefan Karner, and Peter Ruggenthaler.

p. cm. — (Harvard Cold War studies book series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-7391-4304-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7391-4306-3 (electronic)

1. Czechoslovakia—History—Intervention, 1968. 2. Czechoslovakia—Politics and government—1968–1989. 3. Czechoslovakia—Foreign relations—1945–1992. 4. World politics—1965–1975. I. Bischof, Günter, 1953–II. Karner, Stefan, 1952–III. Ruggenthaler, Peter, 1976–

DB2232.P743 2010

943.704’2—dc22 2009036547

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