Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

363. Laius, Yu. A., “‘Sel’dyanaya problema Barentsova morya’: vzaimootnosheniya nauki, praktiki I politiki” [“The herring problem of the Barents Sea”: relationships between science, practical application, and politics], in Na Perelome [At the Turning Point], vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1997), pp. 177–199 (in Russian).

364. For instance, Birstein, J. A., and N. N. Spasskii, “Donnaya fauna Kaspiiskogo morya do i posle vseleniya Nereis succinea ” [The bottom fauna of the Caspian Sea before and after the introduction of Nereis succinea ], in Akklimatizatsiya nereis v Kaspiiskom more [Acclimatization of Nereis in the Caspian Sea] (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo MOIP, 1953), pp. 36–114 (in Russian).

365. Kaverin, V., “O chestnosti v nauke” [On honesty in science], Literaturnaya Gazeta , January 29, 1955 (in Russian).

366. Saenkova, A. K., “K voprosu o vzaimootnosheniyakh Nereis succinea s donnymi organizmami severnogo Kaspiya” [On the relationships of Nereis succinea with the other benthic organisms of the northern Caspian Sea], Bulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdelenie Biologicheskoe 61 (1) (1956): 45–50 (in Russian); Vinogradov, L. G., “O meste Nereis succinea v bentose severnogo Kaspiya” [On the position of Nereis succinea in the benthos of the northern Caspian Sea], Bulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdelenie Biologicheskoe , 60 (6) (1956): 61–76 (in Russian); and others.

367. Birstein, J. A., “Rezultaty akklimatizatsii Nereis succinea v Kaspii i ikh kritika” [Results of the Nereis succinea acclimatization in the Caspian Sea and their critics], Bulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdelenie Biologicheskoe 61 (1) (1956): 23–44 (in Russian).

368. Krementsov, Stalinist Science , p. 302.

369. Chugunova, N. I., et al., “Pamyati N. V. Lebedeva (26 noyabrya 1902–8 oktyabrya 1970)” [In memory of N. V. Lebedev, November 26, 1902–October 8, 1970],” Voprosy Ikhtiologii 11 (3) (1971): 518–519 (in Russian).

370. Meerson, F. Z., “Glava iz istorii russkoi fiziologii” [A chapter in Russian physiology history], Priroda 12 (1988): 83–96 (in Russian).

371. Brodsky, V. Ya., “Grigory Iosifovich Roskin (k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)” [Grigory Iosifovich Roskin (to his 100th birthday)], Tsitologiya [Cytology] 35 (4) (1993): 139–142 (in Russian); Kalinnikova, V. D., “Tsitolog Grigory Iosifovich Roskin.”

372. Latif, F., et al., “Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau Disease Tumor Suppressor Gene,” Science 260 (5112) (1993): 1317–1320.

373. Smith, Walter Bedell, My Three Years in Moscow (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1950), p. 292.

374. Klyueva, Nina G., and Grigorii I. Roskin, Bioterapiya Zlokachestvennykh Opukholei [Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors] (Izdatel’stvo AMN SSSR: Moscow, 1946) (in Russian).

375. Klyueva, N. G., and G. I. Roskin, Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors (New York: Macmillan, 1963).

376. Krementsov, Stalinist Science , pp. 132–134.

377. Meerson, “Glava iz istorii russkoi fiziologii.”

378. Grigoryan, “50-letie Meditsinskoi Akademii.”

379. Cited in Krementsov, Stalinist Science , p. 134.

380. Kalinnikova, “Tsitolog Grigorii Iosifovich Roskin.”

381. Meerson, “Glava iz istorii russkoi fiziologii.”

382. Krementsov, N. L., “Sovetskaya nauka na poroge kholodnoi voiny: ‘Delo KR’” [Soviet Science at the Break of the Cold War: The “KR Case”], in In Memoriam: Istoricheskii sbornik pamyati F. F. Perchenka [In Memoriam: A Collection of Historical Studies in the Memory of F. F. Perchenok] (Moscow-St. Petersburg: Feniks-Atheneum, 1995), p. 283 (in Russian).

383. Meerson, “Glava iz istorii russkoi fiziologii.”

384. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , pp. 70–71.

385. Krementsov, “Sovetskaya nauka na poroge,” pp. 282–284.

386. Ibid., p. 283.

387. A term used in the Soviet mass media in the late 1940s–early 1950s for doctors of Jewish origin.

388. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 71.

389. Order No. 44-3 of the USSR Council of Ministers, entitled “On the Measures Necessary to Help the Laboratory of Professor Klyueva” dated July 12, 1947 (Krementsov, “Sovetskaya nauka na poroge,” p. 290).

390. Meerson, “Glava iz istorii russkoi fiziologii.”

391. Krementsov, “Sovetskaya nauka na poroge,” p. 288.

392. Parin’s prisoner card (Document 23 in Appendix II).

393. In his memoirs Lucien Gouaze mentioned Parin under the name Barine as one of the inhabitants of Cell 45 in Corpus III in 1954 (Serbet, PolitIsolator , p. 369).

394. Andreev, D. L., V. V. Parin, and L. L. Rakov, Noveishii Plutarkh [The Newest Plutarch] (Moscow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1991) (in Russian).

395. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 71.

396. Rapoport, I. A., “Vystuplenie: ‘Kruglyi stol.’ Stranitsy istorii sovetskoi genetiki v literature poslednikh let” [A speech at the meeting “Round Table.” Pages in the history of Soviet genetics in the literature of the last several years], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 4 (1987): 126–131 (in Russian).

397. Lysenko, The Situation in Biological Science , p. 487.

398. Rapoport, I. A., “Akademik N. N. Semenov i genetka” [Academician N. N. Semenov and genetics], Priroda 3 (1992): 99–103 (in Russian).

399. Popovsky, Manipulated Science , p. 149.

400. Soyfer, Lysenko , p. 242.

401. Popovsky, Manipulated Science , p. 149.

402. See the official translation of the speech in Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 139–142.

403. Rapoport, “Vystuplenie: ‘Kruglyi stol.’”

404. Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , pp. 266–267.

405. Ibid., p. 268.

406. Stroeva, O. G., “Iosif Abramovich Rapoport v zerkale svoikh trudov” [Iosif Abramovich Rapoport as mirrored in his works], Priroda 1 (1997): 3–12 (in Russian).

407. Rapoport, “Akademik N. N. Semenov.”

408. The text of three recommendations is given in Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , pp. 260–265.

409. On Semenov’s voting in favor of Vladimir Vinogradov, a KGB officer and deputy director of the Academy Foreign Department, see Popovsky, Manipulated Science , pp. 37–38.

410. Solov’ev, Yu. I., “Mest’ obscuranta: Mrachnyi epizod iz zhizni akademika N. N. Semenova” [Revenge of an obscurantist: The gloomy period in the life of Academician N. N. Semenov], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (9) (1994b): 840–847 (in Russian).

411. Boag et al., Kapitza , p. 427.

412. Rapoport, “Akademik N. N. Semenov.”

413. Ibid.

414. See, for instance, pp. 118–120 in Adams, Mark B., “The Soviet Nature-Nurture debate,” in Graham, Loren R., ed., Science and the Soviet Social Order (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 94–140.

415. Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , pp. 278–279.

416. About the atrocities committed by the Soviet troops and Stalin’s personal favorable attitude to them, see Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1995), pp. 69–140.

417. Dolgun and Watson, An American in the Gulag , p. 167.

418. Published as Efroimson, V. P., “O Lysenko i lysenkovshchine” [On Lysenkoand Lysenkoism], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 1–4 (1989) (in Russian).