Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

171. Levitskaya and Lasson, “Materialy k biografii,” p. 114.

172. Document 105 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , pp. 491–492.

173. Document 109 in ibid., pp. 501–507.

174. Document 110 in ibid., pp. 507–510.

175. Document 111 in ibid., pp. 510–512.

176. Document 112 in ibid., p. 512.

177. Document 113 in ibid., pp. 513.

178. Minutes of the Closed Court Session of the Military Collegium on July 9, 1941 (document 115 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , pp. 514–515).

179. Document 116 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , pp. 515–516.

180. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 156; document 117 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , pp. 516–517.

181. “An Excerpt No. 9/124cc from the Transcript of the Meeting of the Supreme Soviet on July 26, 1941.” Signed by Secretary of the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court Mazur (document 117 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , p. 517).

182. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 156.

183. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 28–30.

184. Document 119 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , p. 518.

185. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 528.

186. Ibid., pp. 168–169.

187. Ibid., p. 170.

188. On Sergei Vavilov, see, for instance, Joravsky, D., “The Vavilov Brothers,” Slavic Review 24 (1965): 381–394; Kojevnikov, A., “President of Stalin’s Academy: The Mask and Responsibility of Sergei Vavilov,” Isis 87 (1996): 18–50; Solov’ev, Yu. I, “Akademik S. I. Vavlov: Drama russkogo intelligenta” [Academician S. I. Vavilov: The tragedy of a Russian intellectual], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 1 (1999b): 132–156 (in Russian).

189. Crankshaw, Khrushchev Remembers , p. 292.

190. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 171.

191. Ibid., p. 171.

192. “A Report of Doctor P. Sychenko to the Head of the Hospital,” dated January 26, 1943. The text is given (document no. 7) in the appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Golgotha,” p. 842; document 130 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , p. 526.

193. “An Excerpt from the Medical Register No. 5 of Prisoners of Saratov Prison No. 1 Who Died.” The text is given (document no. 9) in the appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Golgotha,” p. 843; document 133 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , p. 528.

194. Vavilov’s letter to Beria from Saratov Prison No. 1, dated April 25, 1942 (document 120 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha , pp. 519–521).

195. Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor , pp. 224–225.

196. Parrish, The Lesser Terror , pp. 69–71.

197. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 176–177.

198. Document 120 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, pp. 520–521.

199. Document no. 5 in the appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Znaniya broshennye v ogon’,” p. 634; document 122 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 522.

200. Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Znaniya broshennye v ogon’,” p. 629.

201. Document no. 4 in the appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Golgotha,” p. 841; document 124 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 523.

202. Document 126 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, pp. 524–525.

203. “An Excerpt from the Transcript of the Meeting of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet No. 10/4c on June 23, 1942,” paragraph 325. Signed by Podobedov, Deputy Head of the First Special NKVD Department (document no. 5 in Appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Golgotha,” p. 842; document 125 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 524).

204. Document 127 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 525.

205. The Fourth Directorate, charged with “spying, terror and sabotage in the enemy’s rear,” was created out of the former Second Department of the NKVD on January 18, 1942 (Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 32–33).

206. Speer, Albert, Infiltration , trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 190–193.

207. See a telegram from “Maxim” (Vasilii Zarubin, New York) to “Victor” (Pavel Fitin, Moscow), dated May 21, 1943 (The Venona Project; available at www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/docs/May43/21_May_1943_p2.gif).

208. Rossianov, “Iz istorii bor’by akademika D. N. Pryanishnikova,” p. 531.

209. Ibid.

210. Soyfer, Lysenko , p. 357.

211. Materials from Vavilov’s Investigation File, cited in ibid.

212. Materials from Karpechenko’s Investigation File cited in ibid.

213. Ibid.; Yeremina and Rokityansky, Rasstrel’nye spiski , p. 188.

214. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 83.

215. Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Znaniya broshennye v ogon’,” p. 629.

216. Yeremina and Rokityansky, Rasstrel’nye spiski , p. 56.

217. Levitskaya and Lassan, “Materialy k biografii,” p. 114.

218. Ibid., p. 121.

219. The dates of death were given in the “Decision of the Change in the Decision on Canceling the Criminal Case,” signed by Senior Deputy Prosecutor of the City of Leningrad I. V. Katukov, dated March 29, 1989 and cited in Levitskaya and Lassan, “Materialy k biografii,” pp. 123–124.

220. Ibid., p. 115.

221. Ibid.

222. Soyfer, Lysenko , p. 357.

223. “The NKVD Structure on May 20, 1942” (document no. 27 in Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 271–304).

224. Voloshin, S. V., “Iz vospominanii” [From the memoirs], in Okhotin and Roginsky, Zven’ya , vol. 1, pp. 45–46.

225. Albats, The State , p. 78.

226. Ibid., pp. 117–118.

227. Ibid., p. 78.

228. “An Informational Note from the Politisches Archiv des Auswartigen Amts (Bonn).” I am very thankful to Ms. Maria Keipert of this archive, who provided me with the information on German diplomats.

229. Zechlin’s Prisoner File (fond 541 at the Former Special Archive, now the Center of Keeping Historic-Documentary Collection, Moscow).

230. Ibid.

231. Documents nos. 161 and 173 in Stepashin, S. V., ed., Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine [The USSR State Security Service During the Great Patriotic War] (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1995), vol. 1, pp. 45–46, 70–73 (in Russian).

232. Berg, Acquired Traits , pp. 287–288.

233. Kuptsov, A. I., “In Memory of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov” (Moscow, June 22, 1958). A manuscript cited in Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair , p. 171.

234. See Timofeev’s biography in Glass, B. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich, in F. L. Holmes, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biographies (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1990), vol. 18. supp. 2; Vorontsov, N. N., ed., Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Ressovsky ; Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya (1995); Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000).

235. Welt, Elly, Berlin Wild (New York: Viking, 1986), and Granin, Daniil, The Bison: A Novel About a Scientist Who Defied Stalin , trans. A. W. Bouis (New York: Doubleday, 1989).

236. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N. W., K. C. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück, “Uber die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstructur,” Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen. Biologie 1 (13) (1935): 189–245. See also Perutz, “Physics and the Riddle of Life,” and Olby, The Path to the Double Helix , pp. 231 and 147.

237. Berg, R. L., “In defense of Timofeeff-Ressovsky,” Quarterly Review of Biology 65 (4) (1990): 457–479; Yakovlev, A. A., “Kto vy, doktor Timofeev?” [Who are you, Dr. Timofeev?], Vestnik Akademii Nauk 5 (1990): 133–134 (in Russian); Paul, D. B., and C. B. Krimbas, “Nikolai V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky,” Scientific American (February 1992): 86–92.