Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

238. Sakanyan, E. S., “Lyubov’ i zashchta” [Love and defense], in Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 707–800.

239. See, for instance, Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb , pp. 134–138; Bondarev, N. D., A. A. Keda, and N. V. Selezneva, “U istokov sovetskogo atomnogo proekta (novye arkhivnye materialy)” [At the beginning of the Soviet Atomic Project (new archival materials)], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1994): 116–119 (in Russian). Most of the documents on the project are reproduced in Ryabev, L. D., ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR: Dokumenty i materialy. Tom II, Atomnaya bomba, 1945–1954, Kniga 1 [The Atomic Project in the USSR: Documents and Materials. Vol. 2, Atomic Bomb, 1945–1954, Part 1] (Moscow: Nauka, 1999) (in Russian).

240. See Volkogonov, Stalin , pp. 520–524.

241. See short biographies of all these individuals in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb , pp.447–452.

242. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 35, 46.

243. Kokurin and Petrov, “NKVD-NKGB-SMERSH.”

244. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 350.

245. “Osnovnye daty zhizni N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky” [Main Dates of N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky’s Life], in Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 819–822.

246. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 350.

247. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago , vol. 1, p. 149.

248. The text of the note is partly cited in Goncharov, V. A., and V. V. Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom: Po materialam arkhivnogo sledstvennogo dela na N. V. Timofeeva-Ressovskogo” [Unknown information about known facts: materials from the archival Investigation File of N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 70 (3) (2000): 249–257 (in Russian).

249. A photo of the warrant is given in Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” p. 250.

250. Ivanov, V. I., “Net proroka v svoyom otechestve” [There is no prophet in his own country], Priroda 9 (1990): 71–77 (in Russian).

251. Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” pp. 250–251.

252. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 355.

253. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn described the inhabitants of Cell 75 in The Gulag Archipelago , vol. 1, pp. 597–605.

254. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , p. 47.

255. Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” p. 252.

256. Excerpts from transcripts of interrogations are given in Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” pp. 253–255.

257. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 351–355.

258. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago , vol. 1, p. 493.

259. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 360.

260. Ibid., p. 351. For the presentation of events by the German scientists, see Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive , pp. 89–104.

261. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 362.

262. Ibid., p. 351.

263. Document no. 50 in Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR , vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 236–237.

264. Document no. 68 in ibid., pp. 305–306.

265. Smirnov, Systema ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei , pp. 180–181 and 473.

266. Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR , vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 662.

267. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya (1995), pp. 323–341; Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive , pp. 121–132.

268. Ivanov, V. I., “Prirodookhrannye idei ‘Zubra’” [The environmental ideas of the “Bison”], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 12 (1992): 40–49 (in Russian).

269. Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive , p. 128.

270. Ibid.

271. Granin, The Bison , p. 2.

272. The title is a Russian proverb meaning one should not work in a field in which one is not competent.

273. Reproduced in Lysenko, Agrobiologiya , pp. 602–606.

274. The text of these lectures was published as a brochure Vnutrividovaya bor’ba u zhivotnykh i rastenii [Intraspecies Competition in Animals and Plants] (Moscow: Moscow University, 1947).

275. Manevich, “Takie byli vremena,” pt. 2.

276. Krementsov, Stalinist Science , pp. 150–151.

277. Ibid., pp. 151–152.

278. See, for instance, Mayr, Ernst, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1982), pp. 478–479, 484, 491–493.

279. Polyansky, V., and A. Zelikman, “Moskovskaya konferentsiya po problemam darwinizma” [Moscow Conference on the Problems of Darwinism], Priroda 6 (1948): 85–87 (in Russian).

280. Ibid., p. 86.

281. Krementsov, Stalinist Science , p. 153.

282. Ibid., p. 165.

283. Ibid.

284. Ibid., p. 168.

285. Ibid.

286. For details, see Medvedev, The Rise and Fall , pp. 103–140; Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair , pp. 97–143; Soyfer, Lysenko, pp. 183–204; Krementsov, Stalinist Science , pp. 158–190.

287. Rossianov, “Editing Nature.”

288. Ibid., pp. 732–738.

289. The translation of Lysenko’s speech in Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 99–101.

290. Ibid., pp. 112–113.

291. Ibid., pp. 129–130.

292. The English translation: Schmalhausen, Ivan I., Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection, trans. I. Doridick (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).

293. In Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 151–154.

294. Lysenko, in ibid., p. 109.

295. Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 240–243.

296. Lysenko, The Situation in Biological Science , p. 332.

297. Ibid., p. 334.

298. Zirkle, Death of a Science , p. 249.

299. See the text of the letter in ibid., pp. 267–170. It is also given in Soyfer, Lysenko , pp. 190–191.

300. Soyfer, Lysenko , 250–251.

301. In Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 271–272.

302. The research activity of Sos Alikhannyan (1906–1985) started in 1932 at Moscow State University. His career is discussed in the text.

303. Polyansky and Zelikman, “Moskovskaya konferentsiya,” p. 86.

304. In Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 275–276.

305. Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair , pp. 221–223; Soyfer, Lysenko , pp. 156–157.

306. The text is in Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 273–275.

307. Soyfer, Lysenko , pp. 156–157.

308. Domaradsky, “Perevyortysh,” p. 59.

309. Manevich, “Takie byli vremena,” pt. 2. The text is in Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 283–285.

310. Resolution, August 26, 1948, the text is in ibid., pp. 285–290.

311. The text is in ibid., pp. 290–294.

312. Sonin, A. S., “Pechal’nyi yubilei odnov kampanii” [A sad jubilee of one of the campaigns], Vestnik Akademii Nauk 8 (1991): 96–106 (in Russian); Romanovsky, S. I, “Na puti k teoreticheskoi litologii (diskussiya 1950-kh godov)” [On the way to theoretical lithology (a discussion of the 1950s)], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1992): 28–37 (in Russian).

313. Sonin, A. S., “Soveshchanie, kotoroe ne sostoyalos’” [The meeting that did not take place], Priroda 3 (1990a): 97–102, 4 (1990b): 91–98, and 5 (1990c): 93–99 (in Russian).

314. Medvedev, The Rise and Fall , pp. 122–124.