Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

471. Ginzburg, V. L., “Unikal’nyi fizik and Uchitel’ fizikov” [A unique physicist and a master among physicists], Priroda 2 (1993): 92–103 (in Russian).

472. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb , p. 44; Rubinin, P. E., “Rukopis’ I. V. Obreimova iz arkhiva P. L. Kapitsy” [I. V. Obreimov’s manuscript from P. L. Kapitsa’s archive], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (3) (1994): 243–246 (in Russian).

473. Weissberg, Alex, The Accused (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1951), pp. 505–506.

474. Rubinin, “Rukopis’ I. V. Obreimova.” Before he was released, in 1940–1941 Obreimov worked as an imprisoned physicist in Moscow.

475. Reproduced in the appendix in Rubinin, “Rukopis’ I. V. Obreimova,” p. 247.

476. Orlov, Yury, Dangerous Thoughts: Memoirs of a Russian Life (New York: William Morrow, 1992).

477. Sakharov, Memoirs , p. 483.

478. Ashin, F. D., and V. M. Alpatov, “‘Rossiiskaya natsional’naya partiya’—zloveshchaya vydumka sovetskikh chekistov” [“The Russian National Party,” an ominous invention of the Soviet Chekists], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (10) (1994): 920–930 (in Russian)].

479. Vernadsky, V. I., “Iz pisem raznykh let” [From letters written in different years], Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR 5 (1990): 93–94, 97–98, 100, 102, 104, and 106–107.

480. For letters in defense, see Vernadsky, V. I., “Iz pisem,” pp. 82, 105, 106–108, 111, 113, and responses to them.

481. Rapoport, “Vystuplenie.”

482. Jukes, T. H., “Oparin and Lysenko,” Journal of Molecular Evolution 45 (1997): 339–341.

483. Miller et al., “Oparin’s Origin of Life .”

484. Leibson, L. G., “‘Pavlovskaya sessiya’ 1950 g. i sud’by sovetskoi fiziologii” [The “Pavlov Session” of 1950 and the fate of Soviet physiology], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznniya i Tekhniki 4 (1988): 147–152 (in Russian).

485. See, for instance, Müller-Hill, Murderous Science , about the former Nazi doctors.

486. Gazenko and Gyurdzhyan, “U istokov kosmicheskoi biologii i meditsiny.”

487. Aleksandrov, Trudnye gody , p. 73.

488. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 249.

489. Nikolsky, N. N., and D. L. Rozental, “Sud’ba tsitologii eto sud’ba issledovatelya”[The fate of cytology is the fate of a reseacher], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 65 (10) (1995): 938–944 (in Russian).

490. Aleksandrov, Trudnye gody , pp. 42–47.

491. Polyansky, Gody prozhitye , pp. 72–126.

492. See Zirkle, Death of a Science , pp. 246–247.

493. Polyansky, Gody prozhitye , p. 163.

494. Papoport, “Nedolgaya zhizn,” p. 143.

495. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , p. 129.

496. Khaustov, V. N., “Razvitie sovetskoi spetssluzhby (1917–1941)” [The development of the Soviet special service, 1917–1941], in Stanovlenie i razvitie otechestvennykh spetssluzhb [Establishing and Development of the Soviet Special Services], 1997 (in Russian), available at www.fsb.ru/history/read/1997/haustov.html.

497. Kokurin and Petrov, “NKVD-NKGB-SMERSH,” p. 95.

498. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I., The First Circle , trans. T. P. Whitney (New York: Harper and Row, 1968).

499. Kopelev, Lev, Ease My Sorrows (New York: Random House, 1983); Panin, Dmitri, The Notebooks of Sologdin , trans. John Moore (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), pp. 262–285.

500. Kerber, L. L., Stalin’s Aviation Gulag: A Memoir of Andrei Tupolev and the Purge Era (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Istitution Press, 1996), pp. 149–240; Hartford, Korolev , pp. 49–63.

501. Kokurin and Petrov, “NKVD-NKGB-SMERSH,” p. 95.

502. The NKVD-MGB investigation prisons in Moscow.

503. Kopelev, Ease My Sorrows , pp. 4–5.

504. Cawthorne, Nigel, The Iron Cage (London: Fourth Estate, 1993), p. 184.

505. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb , p. 135; document no. 100 in Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt , vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 430–433.

506. Goleusova, L. P., “‘Arzamas-16’: Kak vsye nachinalos’…” [Arzamas-16: How it all began], V oprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 4 (1994): 89–97 (in Russian).

507. Kozlov and Mironenko, “Osobaya Papka” L. P. Berii, pp. 161–162 (Document D. 177, L. 118).

508. Heller, Mikhail, Kontsentratsionnyi mir i sovetskaya literatura [The World of Concentration Camps and Soviet Literature] (Moscow: MIK, 1996), p. 255 (in Russian).

509. Sakharov, Memoirs , p. 195.

510. Ibid., pp. 194–195.

511. Ibid., p. 194.

1. See, for instance, Müller-Hill, Murderous Science .

2. Albats, The State , p. 77.

3. Kokurin and Petrov, “MGB,” p. 120; Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , p. 36.

4. Cerf, Christofer, and Marina Albee, eds., Small Fires: Letters from the Soviet People to Ogonyok Magazine, 1987–1990 (New York: Summit Books, 1990), pp. 250–251.

5. Mlechin, Predsedateli KGB , p. 306.

6. Sudoplatov, Spetsoperatsii , p. 667.

7. “Russian Court Rejects Pardon for Stalin Henchman,” Reuters, May 30, 2000 (on-line version).

8. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago , vol. 1, p. 145.

9. Voskresenskaya, Z., Pod psevdonimom Irina (Under the Pseudonym Irina) [Moscow: Sovremennik, 1997], p. 286 (in Russian).

10. Cited in Stetsovsky, Yu., Istoriya sovetskikh repressii [History of Soviet Repressions] (Moscow: Znak-SP, 1997), vol. 2, p. 151 (in Russian).

11. Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate.” Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, who headed the Chemical Division of the CIA’s technical services in the 1950s and experimented with LSD (he was the real “Manchurian Candidate” of Marks’s book), died on March 7, 1999 (Hodgson, G., “The real Manchurian Candidate,” Guardian , March 11, 1999 (on-line version).

12. Welsome, The Plutonium Files.

13. Evans, Rob, “Scandal of Nerve Gas Tests,” Observer , September 3, 1999.

14. Filipov, D., “Repositioning ‘Iron Felix’ 7 Years Later,” Boston Globe , December 7, 1998.

15. “Anti-Yeltsin Protesters Stage Rallies,” Reuters, February 24, 1999.

16. “Stalin Returns to Russian Political Scene,” Reuters, December 17, 1998 (on-line version).

17. Goble, Paul, “Memory and Forgetfulness,” 1999 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc., D ecember 23, 1999 (on-line version).

18. See, for instance, Pinsker, D., “Poslednii rezerv” [The last reserve], Itogi , February 16, 1999, pp. 12–19 (in Russian); Shleinov, R., “Byvshikh generalov ne byvaet? Beglyi perechen’ sotrudnikov spetssluzhb, rabotayushchikh vo vliyatel’nykh strukturakh” [Can generals be “former”? A brief list of secret service persons working at important structures], Novaya Gazeta (7), February 22, 1999 (on-line version, in Russian); “Russian Secret Service Opens Doors to Powerful Posts,” Agence France Presse, August 10, 1999; Boyle, Jon, “The Rise of Secret Services in Russia,” Agence France Presse, March 10, 2000 (on-line version).

19. Landsberg, M., “Yeltsin Taps KGB for New Premier,” Associated Press, August 10, 1999.

20. Knight, Amy, “Crime, But No Punishment,” Washington Post , December 6, 1998; “Parliament Chiefs Named to Security Council,” Reuters, April 13, 1999. Those who worked at the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) University remember Putin as a KGB “curator” of the university. In 1995–1996, Cherkesov became known as a key FSB figure in the persecution of the former navy officer Aleksandr Nikitin (discussed later in the text).