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Eli Pariser - The Filter Bubble

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Название:
The Filter Bubble
Автор:
Eli Pariser
Издательство:
The Penguin Press
Жанр:
Публицистика / Интернет / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-1-101-51512-9
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An eye-opening account of how the hidden rise of personalization on the Internet is controlling—and limiting—the information we consume. In December 2009, Google began customizing its search results for each user. Instead of giving you the most broadly popular result, Google now tries to predict what you are most likely to click on. According to MoveOn.org board president Eli Pariser, Google’s change in policy is symptomatic of the most significant shift to take place on the Web in recent years—the rise of personalization. In this groundbreaking investigation of the new hidden Web, Pariser uncovers how this growing trend threatens to control how we consume and share information as a society—and reveals what we can do about it.
Though the phenomenon has gone largely undetected until now, personalized filters are sweeping the Web, creating individual universes of information for each of us. Facebook—the primary news source for an increasing number of Americans—prioritizes the links it believes will appeal to you so that if you are a liberal, you can expect to see only progressive links. Even an old-media bastion like
devotes the top of its home page to a news feed with the links your Facebook friends are sharing. Behind the scenes a burgeoning industry of data companies is tracking your personal information to sell to advertisers, from your political leanings to the color you painted your living room to the hiking boots you just browsed on Zappos.
In a personalized world, we will increasingly be typed and fed only news that is pleasant, familiar, and confirms our beliefs—and because these filters are invisible, we won’t know what is being hidden from us. Our past interests will determine what we are exposed to in the future, leaving less room for the unexpected encounters that spark creativity, innovation, and the democratic exchange of ideas.
While we all worry that the Internet is eroding privacy or shrinking our attention spans, Pariser uncovers a more pernicious and far-reaching trend on the Internet and shows how we can—and must—change course. With vivid detail and remarkable scope,
reveals how personalization undermines the Internet’s original purpose as an open platform for the spread of ideas and could leave us all in an isolated, echoing world.

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198 “some have termed ‘smart dust’”:David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald, Yves Punie, and Elena Vildjiounaite, Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence (Berlin/Dordrecht: Springer Science, 2008): abstract.

199 four-year joint effort:Google/Harvard press release. “Digitized Book Project Unveils a Quantitative ‘Cultural Genome,’” accessed Feb. 8, 2011, http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news-events/news-archive/2010/digitized-books.

200 “censorship and propaganda”:Ibid.

200 nearly sixty languages:Google Translate Help Page, accessed Feb. 8, 2011, http://translate.google.com/support/?hl=en.

201 better and better:Nikki Tait, “Google to translate European patent claims,” Financial Times , Nov. 29, 2010, accessed Feb. 9, 2010, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/02f71b76-fbce-11df-b79a-00144feab49a.html.

202 “what to do with them”:Danny Sullivan, phone interview with author, Sept. 10, 2010.

202 “flash crash”:Graham Bowley, “Stock Swing Still Baffles, with an Ominous Tone,” New York Times, Aug. 22, 2010, accessed Feb. 8, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/23flash.html.

202 provocative article in Wired :Chris Anderson, “The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete,” Wired , June 23, 2008, accessed Feb. 10, 2010, http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory.

203 greatest achievement of human technology:Hillis quoted in Jennifer Riskin, Genesis Redux: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Artificial Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 200.

204 “advertiser-funded media”:Marisol LeBron, “ ‘Migracorridos’: Another Failed Anti-immigration Campaign,” North American Congress of Latin America, Mar. 17, 2009, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, https://nacla.org/node/5625.

205 characters using the companies’ products throughout:Mary McNamara, “Television Review: ‘The Jensen Project,’” Los Angeles Times, July 16, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/16/entertainment/la-et-jensen-project-20100716.

205 product-placement hooks throughout:Jenni Miller, “Hansel and Gretel in 3D? Yeah, Maybe.” Moviefone blog , July 19, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, http://blog.moviefone.com/2010/07/19/hansel-and-gretel-in-3d-yeah-maybe.

205 the corporate owner of Lipslicks:Motoko Rich, “Product Placement Deals Make Leap from Film to Books,” New York Times, Nov. 9, 2008, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/arts/19iht-20bookplacement.10177632.html?pagewanted=all.

207 increase “purchase intentions” by 21 percent:John Hauser and Glen Urban, “When to Morph,” Aug. 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, http://web.mit.edu/hauser/www/Papers/Hauser-Urban-Liberali_When_to_Morph_Aug_2010.pdf.

207 “turn it into useful information”:Jane Wardell, “Raytheon Unveils Scorpion Helmet Technology,” Associated Press, July 23, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010 at www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/07/23/raytheon_unveils_scorpion_helmet_technology.

208 “turns the whole world into a display”:Wardell, “Raytheon Unveils Scorpion Helmet Technology.”

208 TV experience overlaid on a real game:Michael Schmidt, “To Pack a Stadium, Provide Video Better Than TV,” New York Times, July 28, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/sports/football/29stadium.html?_r=1.

208 AugCog, which uses cognitive neuroscience:Augmented Cognition International Society Web site, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.augmentedcognition.org.

209 500 percent increase in working memory:“Computers That Read Your Mind,” Economist, Sept. 21, 2006, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.economist.com/node/7904258?story_id=7904258.

209 at least sixteen different ways:Gary Hayes, “16 Top Augmented Reality Business Models,” Personalize Media (Gary Hayes’s blog), Sept. 14, 2009, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.personalizemedia.com/16-top-augmented-reality-business-models.

210 solve problems for people:Chris Coyne, interview with author, New York, NY, Oct. 6, 2010.

211 “reality” is “one of the few words”:Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (New York: Random House, 1997), 312.

213 powering the marketing campaigns:David Wright et al., Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence (London: Springer, 2008), 66, accessed through Google eBooks, Feb. 8, 2011.

214 “machines make more of their decisions”:Bill Joy, “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” Wired (Apr. 2000) accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html.

Chapter Eight: Escape from the City of Ghettos

217 “the nature of his own person”:Christopher Alexander et al., A Pattern Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 8.

217 “Long Live the Web” Sir Tim Berners-Lee, “Long Live the Web:A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality,” Scientific American , Nov. 22, 2010.

219 “need to address the core issues”:Bill Joy, phone interview with author, Oct. 1 2010.

220 ideal nook for kids:Alexander et al., A Pattern Language , 445, 928–29.

220 “distinct pattern language”:Ibid., xvi.

220 “city of ghettos”:Ibid., 41–43.

221 “dampens all significant variety”:Ibid., 43.

221 “move easily from one to another”:Ibid., 48.

221 “support for his idiosyncrasies”:Ibid.

222 “psychological equivalent of obesity”:danah boyd. “Streams of Content, Limited Attention: The Flow of Information through Social Media,” Web2.0 Expo. New York, NY: Nov. 17, 2007, accessed July 19, 2008, www.danah.org/papers/talks/Web2Expo.html.

223 how to build a better mousetrap:“A Better Mousetrap,” This American Life no. 366, aired Oct. 10, 2008, www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/366/a-better-mousetrap-2008.

223 you’ll catch your mouse:Ibid.

223 “jumping out of that recursion loop”:Matt Cohler, phone interview with author, Nov. 23, 2010.

226 organ donation rates in different European countries:Dan Ariely as quoted in Lisa Wade, “Decision Making and the Options We’re Offered,” Sociological Images blog, Feb. 17, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/02/17/decision-making-and-the-options-were-offered/.

229 “only when regulation is transparent”:Lawrence Lessig, Code (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 260, http://books.google.com/books?id=lmXIMZiU8yQC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=lessig+political+response+transparent+code&source=bl&ots=wR0WRuJ61u&sig=iSIiM0pnEaf-o5VPvtGcgXXEeL8&hl=en&ei=1bI0TfykGsH38Ab7-tDJCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.

230 “one of the world’s worst kept secrets”:Amit Singhal, “Is Google a Monopolist? A Debate,” Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 17, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703466704575489582364177978.html?mod=googlenews_wsj#U301271935944OEB.

231 “honest and objective about ourselves”:“Philip Foisie’s memos to the management of the Washington Post ,” Nov. 10, 1969, accessed Dec. 20, 2010, http://newsombudsmen.org/articles/origins/article-1-mcgee.