Robert Harris - A Higher form of Killing

33 – Richard H. Ichord, ‘The Deadly Threat of Soviet Chemical Warfare’, Readers’ Digest , September, 1979.

34 – Bay, op. cit.

35 – Charles H. Bay, ‘The Other Gas Crisis, Part Two’, Parameters , December 1979.

36 – Evidence to House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology, 18 July 1968.

37 – Information to the authors.

38 – Los Angeles Times , 23 September 1978.

39 – General Bernard Rogers in Now! , 21 March 1980.

40 – Binary Munitions Advantages: Edgewood Arsenal internal briefing document.

41 – Binary Modernization , Pentagon Information Paper, 21 May 1980, and ‘Old Fears, New Weapons: Brewing a Chemical Arms Race’, The Defence Monitor (1980) Vol. IX, No. 10, 1980.

42 – Alexander Haig, speech Berlin, 13 September 1981.

43 – Authors’ interview with Cheu Lee, January 1982.

44 – Despite persistent denials, it was abundantly clear that the Soviet-armed and Egyptian-supported republican forces had been using gas against royalists. The source of the gas (believed to be mustard) was less than clear, but the then British Prime Minister Harold Wilson had felt sufficiently confident of the claims to inform the House of Commons that gas had been used on 31 January 1967.

45 – Tricothecenes are naturally occurring toxins produced from fungus. The Soviets are believed to have devised methods of mass-producing the toxins artificially. The initial American analysis was conducted by Dr Chester J Mirocha at the University of Minnesota; he was unaware of the source of the sample sent for analysis.

46 – Chemical Warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan , United States Dept. of State, 22 March 1982.

47 – Ibid ., p. 6.

48 – Ibid ., p. 6.

49 – Richard Burt, Director, State Dept. Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs. Authors’ interview, January 1982.

50 – Presidential letter, 9 February 1982. The letter also reaffirmed the American ‘no first use’ policy.

51 – Saul Hormats, letter to Representatives, June 1982.

52 – ‘I never dreamed that I’d be sitting here in 1980 after we started this back in 1969 and we’d have reports of 25 Warsaw Pact divisions able to use it. That’s what we were trying to stop. Apparently it has not succeeded.’ Richard Nixon, BBC Panorama , 2 June 1980.

1 – Quoted in Christian Science Monitor , 13 December 1988.

2 – See BBC TV Panorama, The Secrets of Samarra , presented by one of the authors, October 1986.

3 – Richard Butler, The Greatest Threat: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Crisis of Global Security (New York, 2000), p. 41.

4 – Panorama, The Secrets of Samarra .

5 – Press statement, US Department of State, 16 March 1988.

6 – Dr Christine Godsen, Professor of Medical Genetics, Liverpool University, testimony before the US Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcomittee on terrorism, 22 April 1998.

7 – Quoted in Avigdor Haselkorn, The Continuing Storm: Iraq, Poisonous Weapons, and Deterrence (Yale, 1999), p. 97.

8 – James Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989–92 (New York 1996), p. 359.

9 – US Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress (Washington, 1992), p. 15; see also Haselkorn, op. cit ., p. 249.

10 – Quoted in Haselkorn, op. cit. , p. 176.

11 – Butler, op. cit. , p. 5.

12 – Butler, op. cit. , p. xvii.

13 – Ken Alibek, Biohazard (New York, 2000) tells the full story. See also The Washington Post , ‘Soviet-era work on bioweapons still worrisome’, 12 September 2000; New Yorker , ‘The Bioweaponeers’, 15 January 2001.

14 – New Yorker, op. cit.

15 – Haselkorn, op. cit. , pp. 187–91.

16 – International Herald Tribune, ‘US Anthrax Inquiry Turns to Military’, 4 December 2001.

17 – Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism (London, 1999) p. 214 and 216.

18 – Financial Times , ‘Deadly concerns’, 27 August 1999.

The authors would like to thank the following for permission to quote from copyright material: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd ( Gas! The Story of the Special Brigade by Major-General C. H. Foulkes); Granada Publishing Ltd. and the Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. ( The Assassination of Heydrich by Miroslav Ivanov, translated by Patrick O’Brien. Published in the United States as Target Heydrich ); Dr J. E. Hodgkin and the Imperial War Museum (the Unpublished Diaries of Brigadier A. E. Hodgkin); Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd ( Callinicus by J. B. S. Haldane); Weidenfeld & Nicolson and The Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. ( Inside the Third Reich by Albert Speer: The Estate of Wilfred Owen, Chatto & Windus Ltd, and New Directions Publishing Corporation (‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ from The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen edited by C. Day Lewis).

The following have very kindly given permission for the use of illustrations: The Public Records Office (1), Imperial war Museum (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), General Allan Younger (7), Royal Society (8), Porton Down (9, 10), Keystone Press Agency (11, 12, 13), Porton Down (14), Yivo Institute for Jewish Research (15, 16), Ministry of Defence (17, 18), Wellcome Museum of Medical Science (19), Center for Disease Control, Atlanta (20, 21, 22), US Department of Defense (23), Porton Down (24), Associated Press (25), Ministry of Defence (26), United Press International (27), US Department of Defense (28), United Press International (29), Press Association (30).

The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

Aachen 105

Abu Ghraib prison 244

Abyssinia 49–50

acetycholine 54

aconitine 61

Adie, Captain 17–18

Afghanistan 43–44, 237–239

aflatoxin 242

Agee, Philip 218

Agent Orange 194–196, 199

Agricultural and Water Research Centre, Baghdad 242

Agricultural Research Council 86

Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of 86

Akashat factory 240

Al Fallujah factory 240

al-Hakam factory 242

Al-Qaeda organisation 251

al-Taji chemical complex 242

Alaska 185

Alexander, General 123

Alibek, Ken 245, 247, 249

Alibekov, Kanatjan 245

Ambros, Otto 54–56, 62, 64

American Chemical Society 45

Anderson, Jack 222

Anderson, Sir Austin 40

Anderson, Sir John 99

animal experiments 39–40, 60, 77, 171, 179, 242, 245

Anorgana 55

anthrax

Allied contingency plan for use of 105

attacks by contaminated letters 251

beer from same equipment 241

Biological Weapons Convention 175

Britain orders bombs 102

Camp Detrick 98

cattle cakes 87–88

code-named N 101

crudeness as a weapon 106

destruction of stocks 221

Dugway Proving Ground 174

effects of 70, 89

first suggested as BW agent 70

German cities 129, 134–136

Guinard tests 70–74

Lord Cherwell reports to Churchill on 101–103

mentioned 144, 156, 158, 170, 173

preparation of spores 70–71

prepared by the Japanese 76–79, 143

suitable as weapon 164

Sverdlovsk 223–225, 246

US attacks 2001: xi

US begins manufacturing bombs 101–104

anti-crop warfare 98–100, 163, 193–195