Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

8 Stalin never signed: Bo Yibo 1993, 297; Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 261, 274, 288–9. Turf: Wada, pp. 18–19; Fuwa, p. 477. Pol Pot: Quan & Du, pp. 2–9.

9 –366 Chou — Stalin: 3, 19 Sept., CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 16–19.

1 °Conspiratorial operations in USSR: Drozdov, p. 60. Stalin and Peng: probably on 12 Sept. 1952, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 238–9; interview with an insider, 11 & 16 Apr. 1999; cf. CWB nos. 14–15, pp. 378–81 (minutes of 4 Sept. 1952 meeting). “Stalin even mentioned”: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 529 (E: Shi 1993, p. 88). Chou comment: DDWX, 1996, no. 2,p. 53.

11 Liu wrote Malenkov: RGASPI, 17/137/944, p. 181; Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 304; Indonesians: Istoricheskii Arkhiv, no. 1, 1997, p. 34, (Stalin’s appointment diary); interview with Russian insider, 1997; interview with Adjitorop (PKI Politburo), 5 Oct. 1994. “Please could the Soviet”: Torkunov, pp. 264–9.

12 ZDJC vol. 19, p. 416; Tang Chunliang 1999, pp. 263–71.

13 –368 Jan. 1953, Mao: to “Semyonov” (Stalin), 7 Jan. 1953, Shifrtelegramma 17203. Stalin reaction: 27 Jan. 1953, Shifrtelegramma 372 to Mao. Eisenhower: Public Papers 1953 , pp. 16–17. “really anxious: Chen Xiaodong, p. 32. Nuclear scientist to Stalin: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 290; Hinton, pp. 222ff; Friedman, p. 82. Volkogonov: id., 1991, p. 570; id.,1998, pp. 172–3.

14 Staffer claims: Rakhmanin, p. 80.

15 Kim death: interview with a Russian insider, 21 June 1995.

16 –370 Stalin’s successors: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 288–90; Torkunov, pp. 272ff; AVPRF, 06/12a/59/395, pp. 4ff; Zazerskaya 1997, p. 173. Goal of Chou’s trip: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 290; Lewis & Xue 1988, p. 43; Hinton, p. 227; Gobarev, pp. 16–20. Beria to Malenkov: CWB no. 11, p. 182; interview with Colonel Karpov (FSB), confirming authenticity, Moscow, June 1999.

17 Peking claim: Military Science Academy, p. 150. Russian generals: interviews with Sozinov (29 Apr. 1992) and Selivanov (24 Apr. 1992).

18 Molotov wrote: CWB no. 11, p. 182. Harsh message: ibid., p. 183. Ambassador Razuvayev: Sozinov interview. Kuznetsov report: CWB no. 11, p. 183; cf. AVPRF 06/12a/59/395, p. 11 (Kuznetsov to Moscow, 11 May 1953). End the war: 12 May 1953, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 299; follow-up activities: pp. 301–4.

19 60,000 South: Volokhova, pp. 86, 89.

20 CWB no. 11, p. 184.

21 1 million: Beria 1994, p. 402. An-ying fainted: interview with a household member, 23 Oct. 1995. Secretary observed: Ye Zilong, in ZQZS vol. 2, pp. 233–4.

22 Brownell: conversation, 17 Nov. 1988. 400,000 deaths: Kojima, pp. 78–9 (Liu and Deng to Japanese, 3 Mar. 1966); AQSh, f. 14, 1966, d. 31, p. 14 (Kang Sheng to Hoxha, 28 Oct. 1966).

23 As though he were alive: interview with a family member, 14 & 15 Apr. 1999.

CHAPTER 36 Launching the Secret Superpower Program

1 15 June: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 309. “the essence”: ZDJC vol. 22, pp. 457–8. “We will make it”: 14 May 1955, in Wang Dongxing 1997, p. 21. “we can overtake”: 17 Nov. 1957, Mao CCRM, vol.11A, p. 212.

2 –374 “future generations”: Mao 1990, pp. 204–6. To his entourage: Li & Yang, pp. 123–4. Indifferent about heir: interview with a family member, 23 Oct. 1995. Stalin: “unbalanced”: CWB , nos. 6–7, pp. 15–16. Official statistics: Finance Ministry, vol. 2, p. 436.

3 –375 “boils down”: 17 Feb. 1955, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 449–50. “the main exports”: China Today 1992, vol. 2, pp. 8–9. “Frankly speaking”: 30 Sept. 1956, Mao 1994, p. 273. Oct. 1953 instruction: China Today 1992, vol. 1, pp. 15–16.

4 CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 15, 16.

5 July 1954 order: ibid., p. 16.

6 Chou told German: interview with a former East German official, Nov. 1999. “Nothing to”: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, p. 229. “one bottom”: Reminiscences about Deng Zihui , p. 337. Mao as head of camp: Kapitsa 1996, p. 58; Kapitsa interview; Tálas, p. 45; Pravda , 15 Feb. 1955 (Molotov). Romania: Pei Jianzhang, p. 51. Hungary: ibid., p. 54. East Germany: ibid., p. 70; Mao letter, 16 Oct. 1953, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 362.

7 –377 Lift food rationing: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 292; interview with Horst Brie, 22 Nov. 1999. Responded grandly: Pei Jianzhang, p. 69. Great Wall: Meissner, pp. 85, 87 (Mao — Ulbricht, 16 Oct. 1956). 6.92 percent: China Today 1989, p. 68. “About 10 percent”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 197–8. “So be it”: 12 Aug. 1953, Mao 1977, p. 97.

8 Liu quotes: Liu 1993, pp. 169, 181–2, 204–5.

9 –379 Secretary recalled: Liu Zhende, pp. 23–4. “never thought so”: 4 Nov. 1953, Mao 1977, p. 122. Liu in the hospital: his widow Wang Guangmei’s reply to written questions (via secretary by phone), 16 Apr. 1999; AVPRF, 06/12–a/59/395, p. 2 (Mao — Panyushkin, 4 Mar. 1953). No public appearances: RR, 5–10 Mar. 1953. Menacing letter: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 229–30 (E: Kau & Leung, p. 346).

10 –380 Sharply condemned Liu: Mao 1977, p. 81. Praetorian Guard: Zhang Suizhi, pp. 85–6. Bo Yi-bo: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 231ff. To insinuate: the official was Zhang Xiushan, see Deng Xiaoping speech, 21 Mar. 1955, ZDJC vol. 20, p. 515; interviews with people close to Zhang, 18 Apr. 1999 & 20 Oct. 2000. 24 Dec. 1953: Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 315. Three days and nights: interview with a secretary of Liu’s, 19 Apr. 1999; Liu 1996, vol. 2, pp. 317–21. Mao — Gao: Chou speech, 25 Feb. 1954, ZDJC vol. 20, pp. 267–9; Mao revision to Chou speech, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 451–2; Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 308ff; Lin Yunhui, in Han Taihua, pp. 448ff; interviews with people close to the Gao case, 18 & 20 Apr. 1999, 20 Oct. 2000; Wingrove 2000.

11 Dalai Lama: interview, 11 Feb. 1999. Kovalev report: NiNI no. 1, 2004, pp. 132–9; Ledovsky, “preface,” ibid., pp. 128–31; Wang Dongxing 1993, p. 168. Gao told Russians: interview with Ledovsky, 21 June 1999; Tálas, p. 52 (Kapitsa); Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 61; Loboda, pp. 214, 228; Kulik 2000, pp. 41–2; interview with interpreter Li Yue-ran, 11 Oct. 1995. British couple: Band & Band, p. 248.

12 Arkhipov interview, 27 June 1995.

13381 “Do we have”: 15 Nov. 1956, Mao 1977, p. 321. Tea boy: Li Weixin, in Li Jian, pp. 23–4. Bring pistols: ZQZS vol. 6, p. 40.

14 Gao suicides: Mao letter to Moscow, 1 Sept. 1954, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 537–8; Chou speech, ZDJC vol. 20, p. 269; ZQZS vol. 6, p. 42; BNC , 1999, no. 11, pp. 48–9. Rao Shu-shi: in his intelligence role in USA in the mid–1930s, known as “Liang Pu,” cf. 8 May 1936 document from RGASPI in Klehr et al., p. 65; BNC , 1999, no. 11, p. 50.

15 –383 Villa in Hangzhou: our visit, and interviews with Mao’s staff, Nov. 2000; Luo Yimin. Mao in Hangzhou: recollections in CCP Zhejiang Committee, and Li Linda; Li & Yang, pp. 295–6. Thatched hut on fire: CCP Zhejiang Committee, pp. 132–3, 221–2.

16 “all citizens”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 457. Mao Code: Li Linda, p. 9. Toured a temple: CCP Zhejiang Committee, pp. 133–4.

17 Mme Mao: CCP Zhejiang Committee, p. 134; Kapitsa interview; cf. Vlasov, p. 202; APRF, 39/1/31, pp. 61–2 (Orlov to Stalin, 10 Jan. 1949); cf. Kartunova 1992, pp. 1–2; Kudashev, p. 193; Li Zhisui, pp. 137–8 (E: Li, pp. 144, 227ff); interview with Zeng Zhi, 24 Sept. 1994.

CHAPTER 37 War on Peasants

1 200 kg: PRC Encyclopaedia vol, 4, p. 5095; cf. Fei & Chang, p. 158. Grain equivalent: Yu & Buckwell, p. 225. 190 kg: PRC Encyclopaedia vol. 4, p. 5095. “only need 140”: Wang Dongxing, 1997, p. 23. “Not a family”: Zhou Jingwen, pp. 341–3.