Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

11 Gollan, Notes of talk with Mao, 10 Nov. 1957, p. 4 (Gollan Papers, Manchester University); Kapitsa interview.

12 –346 Exploded to Kovalev: Kovalev 1992b, p. 109; Pei Jianzhang, p. 19; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 437–8. Mao — Stalin, 24 Dec: Pei Jianzhang, p. 18; cf. Westad 2003, p. 317. “attempt to phone him [Stalin]”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956). “do business with … Britain”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 197; Wang Dongxing 1993, p. 163.

13 –347 “right after this”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956). “drafted for me”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 297. Not by plane: cable, 2 Jan. 1950, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 212. Acheson and rebuttal: MacFarquhar 1972, p. 74; Heinzig, pp. 301–5; Wingrove 1995, p. 121; Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 245–8.

14 Stalin’s tongue-lashing: Kulik 2000, p. 31. Car ride: Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 457–8.

15 Loan: Zazerskaya 1997, p. 175, n. 40; Yang Kuisong 1997, p. 621. Soviet spheres of influence: DDWX , 1996, no. 2, pp. 54–5; CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956); cf. Ganshin & Zazerskaya, pp. 63ff. “colonies”: Schram 1974, p. 101 (Mao, 10 Mar. 1958); Sino — Russian Relations Studies Society, p. 249. “grabbed half”: Burr 1999a, p. 91 (Mao to Kissinger, 17–18 Feb. 1973). Gave Russia monopoly: Chou cable to Politburo, 8 Feb. 1950, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 37–8; Wingrove 1995, pp. 327ff; Kapitsa interview. “Of all the foreign”: quoted by Foreign Minister Qian Qichen, Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 5, p. 11. Carefully erased: 14 Feb. 1950 cable, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 262–3.

16 Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 246.

17 At Stalin’s insistence, secretly introduced: Arkhipov interview; cf. Wingrove 1995, p. 330; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 415, 446 (E: Shi 1993, p. 86). “We do hope”: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 463; Zhu Zhongli 1995, pp. 190–1. Flabbergasted guests: interview with Markus Wolf, who was present, 18 Nov. 1999; Wolf, pp. 42–3. Stalin’s toast: Fedorenko 1989, p. 148; id. 1995, p. 89; Kapitsa interview; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 465. Mao on Stalin at photo: Ye Zilong, p. 183; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 462.

CHAPTER 34 Why Mao and Stalin Started the Korean War

1 Supervise Vietnam: cf. Pei Jianzhang, p. 18.

2 –351 plan to send in Chinese troops: Zhai, pp. 13–25. Ho to Moscow: Luo Guibo, pp. 233–6; Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 241; Zhang Guanghua, in BNC, 2000, no. 4, p. 12; Westad 2003, pp. 316–18; Heinzig, pp. 302–6. Mao told Yudin: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 45. Liu to French: Figuères interview, 13 Oct. 1998; Figuères’ letter to authors, 11 May 1999. Mao-style land reform: Tin, pp. 14ff, 28ff; Boudarel.

3 Doggerel: To Huu, “October Song,” Daily Telegraph , 19 Dec. 2002. Kim in Moscow 1949: Torkunov, pp. 12–13; CWB , no. 5, pp. 4–6 (Stalin — Kim, 5 Mar.); Weathersby, p. 4 (Stalin — Kim, 7 Mar.); Mansourov 1997, pp. 97–102. Mao commitment: APRF, 3/65/9, pp. 51–5 (Shtykov to Vyshinsky, 15 May 1949), APRF, 45/1/331, pp. 59–61 (Kovalev to Stalin, 18 May 1949); extracts in Torkunov, pp. 61–5; Shen Zhihua, p. 211.

4 Push by Kim: CWB, no. 5, p. 8; Torkunov, pp. 51–3. 30 Jan. Stalin: CWB, no. 5, p. 9.

5 “Asian affairs beautifully”: DPRK Report , no. 23 (2000); Torkunov, pp. 58–9; Weathersby, pp. 8–15. Stalin’s schemes: CWB , nos. 6–7, p. 116 (Stalin to Mao in Stalin to Kim, 7[8] Oct. 1950); cf. Beria 2001, pp. 230–2. 1 July 1950: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 35.

6 interview, 27 Dec. 1995. Raphaël-Leygues, p. 118 (Sainteny); US Senate, p. 70 (Barr).

7 19 Aug.: ibid., pp. 45, 47 (28 Aug.). 1 Mar. 1951: Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 153. Stalin — Malik: Rusk, p. 141; Schoenbaum, pp. 208ff; telephone interview with Rusk, 17 Feb. 1992.

8 –355 Ordered Kim: Torkunov, p. 56 (Stalin to Shtykov, 2 Feb. 1950). “I shall not lift a finger”: Goncharov et al., p. 145 (citing Kapitsa); cf. Kapitsa 1996, pp. 215ff; Weathersby, pp. 9–11 (summarizes Stalin’s shift to Kim, spring 1950). 13 May: Shen Zhihua, pp. 218–19. Next morning: CWB, no. 4, p. 61. 15 May: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” pp. 30–1. 16th: Mansourov, pp. 322–3 (Stalin to Roshchin, 16 May 1950); cf. Torkunov, p. 70.

9 –356 SOS: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 112. “I am far”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 114. “Stand by”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 538 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 161). Only now Politburo: Shen Zhihua, p. 251. Politburo discussion: Mao to Stalin, 2 Oct. 1950, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 539–40; Lei Yingfu, pp. 156–8; Zhang 1993, pp. 6–15.

10 Two different cables, 2 Oct.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 539–41; Mansourov 1995–6, pp. 100, 106–7, 114–15; Shen 1996–7, pp. 237–8.

11 Chou — Indian ambassador: Zhang & Chen, pp. 163–4 (Chinese minutes); Panikkar, p. 110.

12 –358 “I considered”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 116. Mao, 8 Oct.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 543–5; (E: Mao 1998, pp. 109–10). Lin sent Mao long cable: interview with Kang Yi-min, 2 Sept. 1998. Chou — Lin — Stalin talks: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, 85; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 495–8, 502; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 221–2; Zhang, X., pp. 70–4; CWB nos. 6–7, p. 119 (Roshchin to Stalin, 13 Oct. 1950).

13 “Forget it”: Mao — Chou — Kim talk, 10 Oct. 1970, ZQZS vol. 6, p. 70. “We should enter”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 556 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 169; cf. Chen 1994, p. 202); Shi Zhe 1991, p. 500. Mao to Russian ambassador: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 118–19 (Roshchin to Stalin, 13 Oct. 1950; Torkunov, pp. 117–18).

CHAPTER 35 Mao Milks the Korean War

1 Kim “agreed …”: Peng 1998, p. 453; cf. Chen 2001, p. 320; Shen 2003–4, pp. 13–14. Peng — Mao exchange: Peng 1998, p. 454 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 215); cf. Chen 2001, pp. 92–4.

2 –360 “against American”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 51 (1 Dec. 1950). “Our homes”: Public Papers: Truman 1950 , p. 741 (radio address, 15 Dec. 1950; “Declaration,” 16 Dec.). “The temperature”: Peng 1998, p. 456. Logistics manager: Ledovsky 1990, pp. 73–4 (Li Fuchun, 2 Jan. 1951). HQ’s answer: Hong Xuezhi, pp. 240–1.

3 Peng raced to Mao: Peng 1998, p. 480. “overall strategy”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, pp. 151–3; Torkunov, pp. 144, 146. 19 Feb. 1951: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 132.

4 –362 Chinese plan to make aircraft: CCP Archive Study Office 1991, pp. 204–7. He Changgong Biography team, pp. 487–8. 3,000 planes: Zhang, X., p. 210. Asking for blueprints: Mao cable to Stalin, 28 Apr. 1951, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 151; delegation: Xu Xiangqian, pp. 542–6 (E: Xu, pp. 140ff). 3 June 1951: Cai & Zhao, p. 125; BNC , 2000, no. 10, p. 13. “the farther north”: 26 May 1951, Mao 1987–98, vol. 2,p. 332.

5 Truce “now advantageous”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 60 (13 June 1951). “Not a single”: from someone who heard this order, interview, 11 Apr. 1999. Kim on POWs: Volokohova, pp. 83–4 (undated cable from Razuvayev, Soviet ambassador, Pyongyang, Feb — Mar. 1952). 14 July 1952: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 78. Rusk: interview for Thames TV, 1986. “Rejecting the proposal”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 78.

6 Kim: ibid., pp. 77–9. “We consider”: ibid., pp. 77–8. Chou — Stalin: ibid.,p. 14.

7 –364 Mao plotted to depose Kim: AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 1, p. 2 (Kang Sheng to Albania’s Hysni Kapo, 22 Jan. 1967); cf. Schäfer 2003–4, p. 60; id. 2004, pp. 7–10. Chou — Stalin, 20 Aug. & 3 Sept. 1952: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 11–13, 16. US air losses: Stewart, p. 286; Jackson, p. 105.