Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

3 700,000: Mao, 27 Feb. 1957, Mao CCRM, vol. 1, p. 198 (E: MacFarquhar et al., p. 142).

4 –320 Report to Mao: Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 115. Bizarre alert: Huang & Zhang, p. 261.

5 10 million: Rummel, p. 232; Margolin, p. 498. Soviet diplomat: Ledovsky 1990, p. 128; cf. ibid., pp. 96–7, 99; Kulik 1994, esp. pp. 120–2.

6 –321 A small landowner: Yuan Maogeng, pp. 13–80. Mao repeatedly said: Apr. 1956, Mao CCRM, vol. 1, p. 138; 24 Mar. 1951, Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 192. Execution of two foreigners: Lum, pp. 83ff; Domenach 1992, pp. 74, 654, n. 37.

7 Chou “apology”: Kahn, p. 239; Service letter to authors, 8 Aug. 1994 and interview, 23 Apr. 1995. Mao interest in Vatican: Nenni, pp. 697–9; Malaparte, pp. 136ff; Barca interview, 2 June 1994; Pesce interview, 28 May 1994.

8 “Three-Antis”: many Mao orders in Mao 1987–98, vol. 3. “We must probably execute”: 8 Dec. 1951, Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 549. “Whoever disobeys”: 4 Jan. 1952, Mao 1987–98, vol. 3, p. 12. Mao enjoined: 8 Dec. 1951, Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 549. Mao kept informed: Mao 1987–98, vol. 3, pp. 134, 167, 177, 195–7. Bamboo pliers: Ledovsky 1990, p. 93, confirmed by Ledovsky, interview, 19 June 1996.

9 –323 Tianjin report: Mao 1987–98, vol. 3, p. 214. In Manchuria: Ledovsky interview, 19 June 1996. Belgian priest: van Coillie, p. 258. “Five-Antis”: Mao orders in Mao 1987–98, vol. 3. Number of suicides: Zhou Jingwen, pp. 224–5; cf. Chow, p. 133. “parachutes”: Ding Shu 1993, p. 128; Yue Qian, in Kaifang (Open Magazine), Hong Kong, 1999, no. 3,p. 29.

10 Mao villas: visits to over two dozen of them, and interviews with Mao’s personal staff.

11 –325 Started in 1949: Zhang Suizhi, pp. 72–5; Li & Yang, p. 264. Sent word to Hunan: Hunan Party secretary Jin Ming, in Gong Guzhong et al., pp. 301–2; visits to Hunan villas, Oct. 1994. “But you have no place”: interviews with people who had been told, Oct. 1994 & Sept. 2000.

12 –326 Mao travel: interviews with Mao’s personal staff and provincial officials; Li & Peng, pp. 10, 87, 104. Swimming pools: interviews with Mao’s personal staff, villa attendants and people close to him; Lin Ke et al., p. 128. The pool cost: Mao’s own figure, 25 Apr. 1954, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 483. A gourmet: interviews with Mao’s personal staff.

13 No bath, massage: ibid.; Li & Yang, pp. 69–71. Hospital came to him: Li Zhisui, pp. 168–71; Lin Ke et al.. Clothes: SMMM, pp. 131–3, 154, 188–90, 217–18.

14 One patriotic Chinese: Aarons, p. 92. Sexual caprice: Peng 1998, pp. 561–2; Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 389; Li Zhisui, pp. 137–9, 283; interviews with Mao’s girlfriends. Money: interview with Mao’s personal staff; SMMM, pp. 511–12, 532–3. Well over 2 million: interview with a staff member who knew about Mao’s account, 19 Apr. 1999; cf. SMMM, p. 511.

CHAPTER 32 Rivalry with Stalin

1 Mao sent Strong: Strong & Keyssar, pp. 228ff; Nikiforov, pp. 124–5, 131, n. 56.

2 CCP intelligence in USA: AVPRF, 0100/43/302/4; cf. Kulik 1995. Mao and Browder: Schram 1965, p. 292 (Mao cable to Foster, 29 July 1945); Browder, p. 251; RGASPI, 485/184/15 (Mao to Dimitrov, 19 Aug. 1940).

3 Strong writings: Strong 1947, pp. 168ff; cf. id., 1948, pp. v — vi.

4 “Unit Asia”: Hu Qiaomu, p. 510.

5 –333 Mao — Stalin exchanges 1947–49: APRF, 39/1/31, pp. 23–75; extracts in Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 74ff; complete texts of Mao to Stalin, 30 Nov. 1947 in PDV , 2001, no. 5, pp. 119–22; and Stalin to Mao, 20 Apr. 1948, in PDV , 2000, no. 6, p. 121.

6 Another “accident” for Wang Ming: medical documents that established the poisoning, including an official “circular” on 7 July 1948; Wang Ming, pp. 46–7.

7 15 Aug., Mao vetoed: Mao 1993b, vol. 3, pp. 335–6, 397; Hu Qiaomu,p. 329.

8 –335 Stalin “told off” by Mao: interview with Kapitsa, 21 June 1995. Stalin to Yugoslavs: CWB no. 10, p. 131; Dimitrov, 10 Feb. 1948; our conversation with Djilas, 30 Mar. 1986. Stalin — Mao cable exchange 10–15 Jan. 1949: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 27–9; cf. Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 81–4; id., 1995b, pp. 74–6. “So be it”: Ye Zilong, p. 136.

9 17 Jan. Mao response: APRF, 39/1/31, p. 75. Mikoyan at Xibaipo: Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 78–92 (Mikoyan 1966 report), 1995b; Mikoyan, S. 2002, pp. 154–9; Shi 1992, pp. 35–46; Heinzig, pp. 135–56. “quite natural”: 1 Feb. 1949 (APRF 39/1/39); Ledovsky 1995b, pp. 76–7. Gather intelligence: Malukhin 1977, p. 127; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 418 (E: Shi 1993, p. 88). Mao “mocking-indifferent”: Malukhin 1977, pp. 149–50.

10 –336 Mikoyan reports from Xibaipo: APRF, 39/1/39, pp. 1–95.

11 –337 Strong, Rittenberg: Strong & Keyssar, p. 250; Mikoyan, S., p. 158 (Stalin’s cable 4 Feb. 1949 re Rittenberg; Mikoyan on Stalin’s “spymania”); CWB, nos. 12–13 (2001), p. 257 (Khrushchev to Mao, 31 July 1958); Rittenberg & Bennett, pp. 134ff. Borodin: Vaksberg, pp. 251ff; Strong & Keyssar, pp. 243–4. 13 Mar. 1949: Mao 1993–9, vol. 5, pp. 259–60.

12 Stalin — Liu re Cominform: Heinzig, pp. 206–7; Kovalev 1992b, pp. 95–7; Shi 1993, pp. 83–6. Orlov: Vlasov, pp. 202–3, 205; Vaksberg, pp. 251ff; Li Haiwen, p. 60.

13 –339 Liu insisted: Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 223. Liu speech: URI, Liu, vol. 2, pp. 178–9. Russian delegate: Heinzig, pp. 258–60. “form their ties”: URI, Liu, vol. 2, pp. 183–5 (23 Nov. 1949); cf. Aarons, p. 87; Kovalev 1992b, p. 98.

CHAPTER 33 Two Tyrants Wrestle

1 Mao “sprang up”: Kovalev 1992b, p. 108. “Capitalist embassies”: Tikhvinsky 1994, p. 52 (Kovalev to Stalin, 23 May 1949); cf. id., 1996, pp. 467–8.

2 Mao to Mikoyan: APRF 39/1/39 (31 Jan., 5 Feb. 1949); extracts of talks in Ledovsky 1995a, 1995b.

3 Liu wrote Stalin: Ledovsky 1996a, p. 80 (Liu report, 4 July 1949). Cities as key: Mao 1993b, vol. 3, p. 464. “[US] carbines”: Yan Changlin, pp. 335–7. 1946 Ford: Li Yimang, pp. 383–4.

4 “force [them] out”: Yang Kuisong 1997, pp. 177–81. “intolerable conditions”: APRF 39/1/39 (1 Feb. 1949). “all warships”: 21 Apr. 1949, Mao 1993b, vol. 3, p. 485; Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 1, p. 35. Churchill: U.K. Hansard (Commons) vol. 464, col. 34, cited in Murfett, p. 120.

5 APRF 39/1/39 (to Mikoyan, 1 Feb. 1949).

6 –343 Stalin alert, cables Mao: Kapitsa 1996, p. 44; Malukhin 1977, pp. 135–6; Kovalev 1992a, p. 106; Tikhvinsky 1994a, p. 52. “avoid clashes”: 27–9 Apr. 1949, Mao 1993b, vol. 3, pp. 489–91. Mao’s intent: Cohen 1987, p. 288 (paraphrasing Huang Hua). Chou verbal message: FRUS 1949, vol. 8, pp. 357–60 (Clubb, 1 June 1949). Hoax: Tikhvinsky 1994,p. 53.

7 –344 “strike it hard”: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 1, pp. 44–5. “wait,” Stalin says: “Yes!”: Ledovsky 1996a, pp. 81–2; cf. Heinzig, pp. 174–231 on Liu visit. Chou to Russian ambassador: Westad 2003, p. 311; cf. Wingrove1995, pp. 314–15.

8 “without Chinese witnesses”: Kovalev 1992b, p. 108. Mao — Stalin first talk: 16 Dec. 1949, CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 5–7.

9 –345 Mao in Moscow: Heinzig, pp. 263–367, 403ff; Wingrove 1995; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 48–55; Kapitsa interview; Fedorenko 1989, 1994, 1995, 1996; Shi 1989. Li & Yang, pp. 108–9, 151; Ye Zilong, pp. 178–9; interview with Shi Zhe, 14 Oct. 1993.

10 Molotov “to find out”: Chuev, p. 163. Kovalev: Kovalev 1992b, p. 109. Togliatti: interview with Nilde Jotti (Togliatti’s partner), 3 June 1994; Lajolo, p. 29. Ovation: Rákosi, p. 128; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 441.