Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

9 –281 “worse than beasts”: Chiang, p. 2688. Keep Chiang out of Manchuria: Mao order, 19 Oct. 1945, ZZWX vol. 15, p. 364. Russians fly CCP secretly to Manchuria: Sidikhmenov MS, pp. 15–18; interview with Sidikhmenov (on the plane), 24 June 1996. Russians to handle ports, airports: cable, 28 Oct. 1945, in Yang Kuisong 1997, p. 543. CCP fire on US ships: Wedemeyer, p. 345; Westad 1993, p. 106; Liu Tong, p. 62. “decisive battle”: Mao cables, 14 & 15 Nov. 1945, Mao 1993a, vol. 3, pp. 141–4. Lamented proudly: WZX, no. 42, p. 23.

10 –282 “US-style”: Huang Kecheng cable, in Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 105–6. Material enticements: Chen Yi in Zhang Zhenglong, p. 35; also Liu Tong, p. 34. Abysmal morale, desertion: quotes from Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 34–8.

11 –283 Over 40,000: ibid., p. 103. Liu had instructed: Liu 1996, vol. 1, p. 507; also on 24 Sept., Liu Tong, p. 41. Mao overruled Liu: ZZWX vol. 15, p. 364. Another order: 23 Oct., Liu Tong, p. 46.

12 “sudden change”: Chiang, p. 2727. They told the CCP: on 19th, Liu 1996, vol. 1, pp. 530–1. Stalin returning Mao’s son: NA, HW 17/63 (18 Nov. 1945, ISCOT 1475). Entreaties to Russians: Mao cable to Peng Zhen, 20 Nov. 1945, quoted in Borisov 1975, p. 107. Futile orders to troops: 22 Nov., Zhang Zhenglong, p. 111. Mao nervous breakdown: Liu cable, Liu 1996, vol. 1, p. 531; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 313–14; interview with Shi Zhe, 29 Sept. 1993.

13 Yan Changlin, p. 136; Mao 1993b, vol. 3, p. 227.

14 –284 Dr. Orlov: CWH vol. 1, no. 1 (2000), p. 132 (Stalin cable to Molotov et al., 10 Nov. 1945); ORK , p. 544; Vlasov, p. 202; Ledovsky 1999, p. 79, n.2; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 316–17. An-ying: Usov 1997, p. 114; Usov 1992, p. 56; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 315–16. Affectionate towards son, recovery: interview with Mrs. George Hatem, 17 Mar. 1998; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 316–17.

15 –285 Russians coordinated departure with CCP: Westad 1993, pp. 148, 156ff; Sheng, pp. 132ff; Russian — CCP exchanges can be seen from Mao cable of 24 Mar. 1946, ZZWX vol. 16, p. 100; Yang Kuisong 1997, pp. 560–4; Chiang, p. 2822. Hold out in key cities: Mao cables from 24 Mar. 1946 onwards, in Mao 1993a, vol. 3, pp. 153, 177–8, 190, 198, etc., esp. on 20 Apr., in Liu Tong, p. 170; 27 Apr., in Zhang Zhenglong, p. 154. Liu cautioned: e.g., 13 Mar. 1946, Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 26. Lin Biao warned: 11 Apr. 1946, in Zhang Zhenglong, p. 154, also pp. 186–7. Army disintegrated: ibid., pp. 170–2; Liu Tong, pp. 194–5.

16 Lin Biao reported: Zhang Zhenglong, p. 104. “We were hungry”: ibid., pp. 166–9. “Big Hairy Ones”: ibid., p. 179. 1 June, Lin: ibid., p. 184, Liu Tong, p. 203. Next day: Zhang Zhenglong, p. 184.

17 Mao — Stalin: Liu 2000, pp. 106–7; Kozlov & Mironenko, p. 173. 3 June: Mao 1993a, vol. 3, p. 250.

CHAPTER 28 Saved by Washington

1 Change Party name: ORK , 12 Aug. 1944. Molotov to Hurley: FRUS 1944, vol. 6, p. 255 (31 Aug. 1944); cf. FRUS 1945, vol. 7, p. 448 (Kennan, 18 Aug. 1945, reporting Stalin).

2 “tactic of expedience”: 28 Nov. 1945, ZZWX vol. 15, p. 455.

3 Soft-soaped Marshall: FRUS 1945, vol. 7, p. 804 (23 Dec. 1945 Marshall — Chou meeting). “rather go to the US”: FRUS 1946, vol. 9, p. 152; Hu Qiaomu, pp. 428–9. Marshall told Chiang: FRUS 1945, vol. 7, p. 814. Told US Congress: Tsou, p. 368. US had intercepts: “COMINT,” pp. 4, 6; texts of 1945–47 intercepts: NA, HW 17/67. Three-word alarm: FRUS 1946, vol. 9, p. 777 (Yeaton, 15 Apr. 1946).

4 –289 An-ying to village: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 316; interviews with Shi Zhe, Oct. 1995. An-ying interview: RR, 20 Feb. 1990; Roderick, e-mail to authors, 12 Oct. 2000; cf. Roderick, p. 40. Marshall illusions: FRUS 1946, vol. 9, pp. 510 (Marshall to Truman, 6 Mar.), 501–2 (Marshall minutes of talk with Mao, 4 Mar.), 541, 542 (Marshall Memo to Truman, 13 Mar.). Mao briefs Orlov: Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 318–19. 31 May, Marshall: FRUS 1946, vol. 9, p. 926.

5 –290 “Hang on”: 5 June 1946, Mao 1993a, vol. 3, p. 251. Concurred in private: Zhang Zhenglong, p. 189; cf. Liu Tong, p. 516. Chiang noted: 29 June 1946, Chiang, p. 2950. Truman wrote to Chiang: US Department of State White Paper, p. 652.

6 –291 “Be like Franco”: interview with Chen Li-fu, 15 Feb. 1993. Comfortable armchair: YQD , pp. 166, 270. Classified figures: Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 420–1. “now an idiot”: Zhang Zhenglong, p. 318.

7 Russian help: Lyudnikov, p. 308; Vereshchagin, p. 18; Zimonin, p. 47 (new figures for Japanese arms captured); Borisov 1977, pp. 229–30, 233, 248, 256, 264; APRF, 39/1/39, pp. 64–73 (Mao to Mikoyan, 5 Feb. 1949); cf. FEA no. 3, 1995, p. 78; Ledovsky interviews, June 1995ff; documents in ZS vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 596–615; Liu Tong, pp. 304–5; Zhang Zhenglong, p. 216. Japanese POWs: Gillin with Etter, pp. 511–15; Zimonin, p. 47; FRUS 1946, vol. 9, p. 813; Sang Ye, p. 91; Zeng Kelin, pp. 126–33; Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 221–2.

8 –292 North Korea: summary of CCP offices in North Korea during the civil war, based on archive documents and memoirs, ZDZ , no. 17, pp. 197–210; details of the Korean troops in China, ZS vol. 7, no. 1, p. 616; Chen Jian 1994, pp. 107–9; NA, WO 208/281. Restoring railways: Tikhomirov & Tsukanov in Akimov; Silin, ibid., pp. 215–18; Borisov 1977, pp. 242ff; Kovalev 2004, p. 132; id. 1992a, p. 102. Mao told Lin Biao: 11 July 1946, Mao 1993a, vol. 3, p. 334. Moscow disinformation: TASS, “Refutation,” Pravda , 19 Oct. 1946, p. 6. Mao claim: SW vol. 4, p. 101 (6 Aug. 1946).

9 –293 Mao paid with food: Liu Shao-chi letter to Stalin, 6 July 1949 (FEA , no. 5, 1996, pp. 87–8); cf. Vereshchagin, p. 19; Borisov 1977, p. 232 (Russian imports from CCP areas exceed exports to these areas, 1948, 1949); Wang Shoudao and Liu Yalou talks, in Liu Tong, pp. 517–19. The result was famine: YQD, pp. 49, 59; Zhao Guilai, pp. 207, 223; Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 237, 433–6. Mao urged seizing big cities: Xiao Ke 1997, pp. 340–50; Mao 1993a, vol. 3, pp. 277, 283–4, 290.

10 “merciless and devious”: interview with an insider, 6 Sept. 1998. Up to 100,000: Zhang Zhenglong, pp. 234–8.

CHAPTER 29 Moles, Betrayals and Poor Leadership Doom Chiang

1 1 Mar.: Chiang, p. 3149. Hu suspected of being Communist: Hsu Chen1990, pp. 39–40.

2 Hsu Chen 1990, p. 39; Mao 1993–9, vol. 5, p. 322; Shi Zhe 1991,p. 249.

3 –296 Hu friendship with Tai Li: Meng Bingnan, in WZX vol. 18, p. 133; Zhang Yanfo, in WZX vol. 64, pp. 105–7. On Mao’s desk: Zhou 1991, p. 723. Mao leisurely departure: Yan Changlin, pp. 53–6. 20,000 men: Peng 1981, pp. 44–5 (E: Peng 453ff. and re below); cf. Quan, pp. 13ff; Party Documents, pp. 229–30.

4 Qinghuabian ambush: Yan Changlin, pp. 58–64; Wang Enmao, vol. 5, pp. 95–8; Nationalist generals’ accounts, CPPCC 1992, pp. 115–16, 154–5.

5 –297 Yangmahe ambush: Nationalist generals’ accounts, CPPCC 1992, pp. 118–20, 156–8; Peng cable to Mao, 16 Apr. 1947, Peng 1998, pp. 340–1; Party Documents, p. 233. Panlong: Nationalist generals’ accounts, in CPPCC 1992, pp. 120–4, 159–61; Hsu Chen 1990, p. 321; Peng 1981, p. 248; Party Documents, p. 233; Wang Enmao, vol. 5, pp. 119–20. “horrible stench”: Hsu Chen 1987, p. 254.

6 –298 Mao in Yenan area a year: Yan Changlin, pp. 64ff; Zhao Guilai, pp. 99ff; Wang Dongxing 1993, pp. 8ff; Ren Bishi, pp. 538ff; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 337–52; interviews with Mao’s entourage, 4 Sept. 1998 & 19 Apr. 1999; cf. Quan, pp. 29–34, 37–8. Artillery battalion: interview with a former member of the battalion, 29 Oct. 2000. Yet another ambush: Hsu Chen 1987, pp. 251–3. Close shave: Yan Changlin, pp. 94–117; Hu Qiaomu, pp. 490–3; Zhao Guilai, pp. 124–6; member of entourage Liao Zhigao, in “Mao and I” Collection Committee 1993a, p. 46; interviews with Mao’s entourage, 13 Mar. & 4 Sept. 1998, 19 Apr. 1999, 12 May 2001.