Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

11 “no text”: Sidikhmenov interview, 24 June 1996; Li Yueran, p. 144. “sick in the head”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 630; Micunovic, p. 322; Kapitsa 1996, p. 60. “Let’s contemplate”: 18 Nov. 1957, Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 636. Audience “shocked”: Ingrao interview, 17 July 1994. “four legs”: Borisov 1982, p. 72 (from records); Kapitsa 1996, p. 60.

12 Gollan: Gollan Notes, cit. , p. 3. Zhivkov: id., p. 518; CWB nos. 14–15, p. 435 (to Deng, 7 May 1987). “tall tree”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 411. “overtake Britain”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 635 (E: Schoenhals 1986, p. 118). Like a teacher: Li Yueran, p. 137. “Everyone needs”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 640 (E: Schoenhals 1986, pp. 121–2). “very red”: Kardelj, p. 140.

13 Italian interpreter: interview with Longo, 29 May 1996.

14 Mao on Molotov: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 643 (E: Schoenhals 1986, p. 123); Micunovic, p. 322; cf. Vereshchagin, p. 93; Istochnik, no. 4, 1996, p. 112 (to Yudin, 29 Oct. 1957). Mao’s “megalomania”: Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 300, 321; cf. id. 1990, p. 154. Chou asked for nuclear submarines: Zhou 1997, vol. 2, p. 149; China Today 1992a, vol. 1, p. 342; cf. Fursenko, pp. 316, 1038–9. Mao — Yudin, 21 July 1958: Vereshchagin (present), pp. 119–21.

15 –406 Mao — Yudin, 22 July: minutes in CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 155–9; DDWX , 1994, no. 1, pp. 16–20; Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 158–66; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 226–7. Khrushchev — Mao talks in China: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 250–62; Fedorenko 1990; Troyanovsky interviews, 20 June & 18 Aug. 1995; Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 306ff; interview with Kudashev, 28 June 1995. Second Taiwan Crisis: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 218; Ye Fei, pp. 649ff; cf. Eliades, p. 355; Tucker, pp. 128–32.

16 –407 Mao — Gromyko: Kapitsa 1996, pp. 61–3 (present); Kapitsa interview; Gobarev, pp. 25–7; Ford; Lewis & Xue 1994, p. 17; Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 310–12; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 218–19; Wu Lengxi 1999, p. 180. Chou to Russian chargé: Dai Chaowu, p. 66.

17 Khrushchev letter, 27 Sept. 1958: in Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SSSR — KNR vol. 1, p. 232; cf. ibid., p. 233. “people dying”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 434. “Why do it”: Huang Kecheng, p. 255.

18 Mao 1977, pp. 136–7 (E: Kau & Leung, p. 516).

19 4 Feb. 1959 deal: China Today 1989a, vol. 2, p. 157; Zazerskaya 1997, pp. 173–4; Lewis & Xue 1994, p. 17.

CHAPTER 39 Killing the “Hundred Flowers”

1 “number of arrests”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 45–6. Colleagues on Eastern Europe: Liu 1991, p. 647; Zhou 1993, pp. 336, 344. Mao’s view: Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, p. 114; Mao 1977, pp. 317–23 (E: Leung & Kau, pp. 163, 167); Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 388.

2 27 Feb. 1957: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, pp. 190–232 (E: MacFarquhar et al., pp. 131–89). “brainwashing”: 17 Nov. 1957, Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, p. 211 (E: Leung & Kau, p. 775). Told few cronies: Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, pp. 168–72.

3 “catch the snakes”: 6 Apr. 1958, Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 115. Dissent: Niu & Deng, pp. 122–3, 200, 204, 208–10, 269; Ding Shu 1993, pp. 124, 132; Zhu Zheng, pp. 384, 447, 470–2; XB, 1957, no. 14, pp. 61–6.

4 –412 Uprising impossible: cf. instruction, 6 June 1957, Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 491–2; Niu & Deng, pp. 215–19. Pamphlet, appeals: in Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 493; Niu & Deng, pp. 34, 143–7, 262. Ordered editorial: Wu Lengxi 1995, 39–42 (E: Leung & Kau, pp. 564–7).

5 Circular, 12 June: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 469–76. Scientists: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 396; Zhu Zheng, p. 405. Sadistic theater: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, 362; Zhu Zheng, pp. 435–40. “denounced 100,000”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 201.

6 “Little Hungary”: Cai Gong; CCP Hubei Committee, p. 330. Education budget: Finance Ministry, vol. 2, p. 436; cf. Pan, p. 367.

7 –414 Dai Huang: Dai Huang.

8 –415 Chou attacked: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 636–9; Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 409; Mao 1977, pp. 225–6; Ke Hua, in BNC , 1999, no. 3, p. 45. Fatal breakdown: ZR vol. 10, pp. 187–9; Li Zhisui, p. 219 (E: p. 230); Bo Yibo 1993, p. 639.

9 Secretary recalled: Fan Ruoyu, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 434–5; Chou speech in Teiwes with Sun 1999, pp. 253–7.

1 °Chief of Henan: Pan Fusheng, denounced by Mao, in Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 201, 205, 209–10; in Henan Ribao (Henan Daily), 4 July 1958; his successor Wu Zhipu, in XB, 1957, no. 15, pp. 19–20, Zhongzhou pinglun (Zhongzhou Comments), periodical, Henan, 1958, no. 1. Liu under attack: Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 642. Mao’s notes: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 205; Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 642–3. Chou battered: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 438. “entertainer”: interview with Chen Yi’s son, 2 Oct. 1994. “has to be a … cult”: Schram 1974, pp. 99–100 (10 Mar. 1958, Chengdu); Cong Jin, p. 116; cf. Mao 1998, pp. 424–5; Snow 1974, p. 174 (talk with Mao, 9 Jan. 1965). “blind herd”: Cong Jin, p. 117.

11 People’s Daily wrote: 26 May 1958. Mao at restaurant: Quan, pp. 87–9. Mao vetoed double: interview with the man who made the suggestion, 14 Oct. 1994.

12 “godlike language”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 133 (E: MacFarquhar et al., p. 412).

CHAPTER 40 The Great Leap: “Half of China May Well Have to Die”

1 Shortened to: 28 Jan. 1958. Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 42; Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 90. “like an atom”: ibid. (E: Schram 1974, p. 92). “Great Leap” launched: Teiwes with Sun 1999, pp. 71ff; Schoenhals 1987; MacFarquhar 1983, pp. 51ff; Yang, D., pp. 33ff; Becker, pp. 58ff. “overtake all”: RR editorial, 29 May 1958. “Pacific Ocean”: Mao CCRM, vol. 11B, p. 80.

2 –419 “Earth Control Committee”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 131. Mao asserts enormous increase: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 684–5. Provincial chiefs proclaim: ibid., p. 688. Henan Mao’s model: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 114; Wu Lengxi 1995, pp. 63–4; Domenach 1995. Potemkin fields: Chen Han, pp. 74–5; Wang Ding, in Xiao Ke et al., pp. 205–19. Transplanting stopped: Chen Liming, p. 337.

3 –420 “surplus food”: Qiu Shi, vol. 3, p. 235; RR, 11 Aug. 1958. 28 Jan.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 44; Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 92. Guangxi “sputnik”: Wang Ding, in Xiao Ke et al., pp. 205–19. “When you order”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 129. Mao repeatedly accused: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 240, 253, 254.

4 “a big problem”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 8, p. 209. Yunnan report: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 584–5. Earth compounds: Becker, pp. 206–7. Exports: Yang, D., p. 66; Lardy, pp. 373, 381; Hussain & Feuchtwang, p. 51; Price, pp. 593, 601. Mao — Khrushchev 1958: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 250ff (minutes of talks, 31 July & 3 Aug. 1958); Li Yueran, pp. 149–50. Food as fuel: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 168 (E: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 220); Dong Sheng, p. 493.

5 950 Suez Canals: Chi 1965, p. 50; cf. Becker, p. 78. “I think 30,000”: Jiang Weiqing, p. 421. Gansu: RR, 17 May 1958; Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 201, 205, 210. “Three Simultaneouslys”: Lo Fu speech, 21 July 1959, in Zhang Wentian 1990–5, vol. 4, 324; Qiu Shi, vol. 3, p. 224. One well-known project: Qiu Shi, vol. 3, pp. 222–32. Stupendous waste: Reminiscences about Tan Zhenlin, p. 418; Qian & Geng, pp. 771–8; Shapiro, pp. 63–4.

6 “human wave tactic”: Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 683. “Reduce fertiliser imports”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 230. “country of pigs”: 31 Oct. 1959, Mao 1993c, p. 498. Pigs fell: Lardy, p. 373. “shit lakes”: Liu & Yi, pp. 144–5.