Andrew Lobaczewski - Political Ponerology - A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes
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- Название:Political Ponerology: A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes
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- Год:2006
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Political Ponerology: A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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psychological reality. It is thus possible to perceive and under-
stand human customs and moral values. From infancy, this
substratum stimulates various activities aiming at the develop-
ment of the mind’s higher functions. In other words, our in-
stinct is our first tutor , whom we carry inside all our lives.
Proper child-rearing is thus not limited to teaching a young
person to control the overly violent reactions of his instinctual
emotionalism; it also ought to teach him to appreciate the wis-
dom of nature contained and speaking through his instinctive
endowment
This substratum contains millions of years’ worth of bio-
psychological development that was the product of species’ life
conditions, so it neither is nor can be a perfect creation. Our
well known weaknesses of human nature and errors in the natu-
ral perception and comprehension of reality have thus been
conditioned on that phylogenetic level for millennia.15
15 Konrad Lorenz: Evolution and Modification of Behavior (1965); On Ag-
gression (1966); Studies in Animal and Human Behavior , Volume I (1970);
Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume II (1971); Behind the Mirror
POLITICAL PONEROLOGY
61
The common substratum of psychology has made it possi-
ble for peoples throughout the centuries and civilizations to
create concepts regarding human, social, and moral matters
which share significant similarities. Inter-epochal and interra-
cial variations in this area are less striking than those differen-
tiating persons whose instinctual human substratum is normal
from those who are carriers of an instinctual bio-psychological
defect , though they are members of the same race and civiliza-
tion. It shall behoove us to return to this latter question repeat-
edly, since it has taken on a crucial importance for the prob-
lems dealt with in this book.
Man has lived in groups throughout his prehistory, so our
species’ instinctual substratum was shaped in this tie, thus con-
ditioning our emotions as regards the mining of existence. The
need for an appropriate internal structure of commonality, and
a striving to achieve a worthy role within that structure, are
encoded at this very level. In the final analysis, our self-
preservation instinct is rivaled by another feeling: the good of
society demands that we make sacrifices, sometimes even the
supreme sacrifice. At the same time, however, it is worth point-
ing out that if we love a man, we love his human instinct above
all.
Our zeal to control anyone harmful to ourselves or our
group is so primal in its near-reflex necessity as to leave no
doubt that it is also encoded at the instinctual level . Our in-
stinct, however, does not differentiate between behavior moti-
vated by simple human failure and behavior performed by indi-
viduals with pathological aberrations . Quite the contrary: we
(1973); The Natural Science of the Human Species: An Introduction to Com-
parative Behavioral Research - The Russian Manuscript (1944-1948)(1995).
Lorenz joined the Nazi Party in 1938 and accepted a university chair under
the Nazi regime. His publications during that time led in later years to allega-
tions that his scientific work had been contaminated by Nazi sympathies.
When accepting the Nobel Prize, he apologized for a 1940 publication that
included Nazi views of science, saying that “many highly decent scientists
hoped, like I did, for a short time for good from National Socialism, and
many quickly turned away from it with the same horror as I.” It seems highly
likely that Lorenz’s ideas about an inherited basis for behavior patterns were
congenial to the Nazi authorities, but there is no evidence to suggest that his
experimental work was either inspired or distorted by Nazi ideas. [Editor’s
note.]
62
SOME INDESPENSIBLE CONCEPTS
instinctively tend to judge the latter more severely, harkening
to nature’s striving to eliminate biologically or psychologically
defective individuals. Our tendency to such evil generating
error is thus conditioned at the instinctual level.
It is also at this level that differences begin to occur be-
tween normal individuals, influencing the formation of their
characters, world views, and attitudes. The primary differences
are in the bio-psychical dynamism of this substratum; differ-
ences of content are secondary. For some people the sthenic16
instinct supersedes psychology; for others, it easily relinquishes
control to reason. It also appears that some people have a
somewhat richer and more subtle instinctual endowment than
others. Significant deficiencies in this heritage nevertheless
occur in only a tiny percentage of the human population; and
we perceive this to be qualitatively pathological. We shall have
to pay closer attention to such anomalies, since they participate
in that pathogenesis of evil which we would like to understand
more fully.
A more subtle structure of effect is built upon our instinc-
tual substratum, thanks to constant cooperation from the latter
as well as familial and societal child-rearing practices. With
time, this structure becomes a more easily observable compo-
nent of our personality, within which it plays an integrative
role. This higher effect is instrumental in linking us to society,
which is why its correct development is a proper duty of peda-
gogues and constitutes one of the objects of a psychotherapist’s
efforts, if perceived to be abnormally formed. Both pedagogues
and psychotherapists sometimes feel helpless, if this process of
formation was influenced by a defective instinctual substratum.
~~~
Thanks to memory, that phenomenon ever better described
by psychology, but whose nature remains partly mysterious,
man stores life-experiences and purposely acquired knowledge.
There are extensive individual variations in regard to this ca-
pacity, its quality, and its contents. A young person also looks
at the world differently from an old man endowed with a good
memory. People with a good memory and a great deal of
16 Relating to or marked by sthenia ; strong, vigorous, or active. [Editor’s
note.]
POLITICAL PONEROLOGY
63
knowledge have a greater tendency to reach for the written data
of collective memory in order to supplement their own.
This collected material constitutes the subject matter of the
second psychological process, namely association; our under-
standing of its characteristics is constantly improving, although
we have not yet been able to shed sufficient light upon its nur-
turance. In spite of, or maybe thanks to, the value judgments
contributed to this question by psychologists and psychoana-
lysts, it appears that achieving a satisfactory synthetic under-
standing of the associative processes will not be possible unless
and until we humbly decide to cross the boundaries of purely
scientific comprehension.
Our reasoning faculties continue to develop throughout our
entire active lives, thus, accurate judgmental abilities do not
peak until our hair starts greying and the drive of instinct, emo-
tion, and habit begins to abate. It is a collective product derived
from an interaction between man and his environment, and
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