Andrew Lobaczewski - Political Ponerology - A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes
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- Название:Political Ponerology: A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes
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- Год:2006
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12 Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857) was a French positivist thinker who invented
the term “sociology” to name the new science made by Saint-Simon. Comte
saw a “universal law” at work in all sciences which he called the “law of
three phases”. It is for this law that he is best known in the English-speaking
world; namely, that society has gone through three phases: Theological,
Metaphysical, and Scientific. He also gave the name “Positive” to the last of
these. The other universal law he called the “encyclopedic law”. By combin-
ing these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification
of all sciences, including inorganic physics (astronomy, earth science and
58
SOME INDESPENSIBLE CONCEPTS
fore modern psychology was born, he was immediately con-
fronted with the problem of man, a mystery he could not solve.
If he rejected the Catholic Church’s oversimplifications of
human nature, then nothing remained except traditional
schemes for comprehending the personality, derived from well
known social conditions. He thus had to avoid this problem,
among others, if he wanted to create his new scientific branch
under such conditions.
Therefore, he accepted that the basic cell of society is the
family, something much easier to characterize and treat like an
elementary model of societal relations. This could also be ef-
fected by means of a language of comprehensible concepts,
without confronting problems which could truly not have been
overcome at the time. Slightly later, J. S. Mill13 pointed out the
resulting deficiencies of psychological cognition and the role of
the individuals.
chemistry) and organic physics (biology and for the first time, physique
sociale , later renamed sociologie ). Comte saw this new science, sociology, as
the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences,
and which would integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole.
(Wikipedia)
13 John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873), an English philosopher and political
economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an
advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his godfather
Jeremy Bentham. During his time as an MP, Mill advocated easing the bur-
dens on Ireland, and became the first person in parliament to call for women
to be given the right to vote. In “Considerations on Representative Govern-
ment”, Mill called for various reforms of Parliament and voting, especially
proportional representation, the Single Transferable Vote, and the extension
of suffrage. He was godfather to Bertrand Russell. Mill argued that it is
Government’s role only to remove the barriers, such as laws, to behaviors
that do not harm others. Crucially, he felt that offense did not constitute
harm, and therefore supported almost total freedom of speech; only in cases
where free speech would lead to direct harm did Mill wish to limit it. For
example, whipping up an angry mob to go and attack people would not be
defended in Mill’s system. Mill argued that free discourse was vital to ensure
progress. He argued that we could never be sure if a silenced opinion did not
hold some portion of the truth. Ingeniously, he also argued that even false
opinions have worth, in that in refuting false opinions the holders of true
opinions have their beliefs reaffirmed. Without having to defend one’s be-
liefs, Mill argued, the beliefs would become dead and we would forget why
we held them at all. [Editor’s note.]
POLITICAL PONEROLOGY
59
Only now is sociology successfully dealing with the diffi-
culties which resulted, laboriously reinforcing the existing
foundations of science by the achievements of psychology, a
science which by its very nature treats the individual as the
basic object of observation . This restructuring and acceptance
of an objective psychological language will in time permit
sociology to become a scientific discipline which can mirror
the social reality with sufficient objectivity and attention to
detail in order to render it a basis for practical action. After all,
it is man who is the basic unit of society , including the entire
complexity of his human personality.
In order to understand the functioning of an organism,
medicine begins with cytology, which studies the variegated
structures and functions of cells. If we want to understand the
laws governing social life, we must similarly first understand
the individual human being, his physiological and psychologi-
cal nature, and fully accept the quality and scope of differences
(particularly psychological ones) among the individuals who
constitute two sexes, different families, associations, and social
groups, as well as the complex structure of society itself.
The doctrinaire and propaganda-based Soviet system con-
tains a characteristic built-in contradiction whose causes will
be readily understandable toward the end of this book. Man’s
descent from the animals, bereft of any extraordinary occur-
rences, is accepted there as the obvious basis for the materialis-
tic world view. At the same time, however, they suppress the
fact that man has an instinctive endowment , i.e. something in
common with the rest of the animal world. If faced with espe-
cially troublesome questions, they sometimes admit that man
contains an insignificant survival of such phylogenetic heri-
tage, however, they prevent the publication of any work study-
ing this basic phenomenon of psychology .14
14 See: “A Mess in Psychiatry”, an interview with Robert van Voren, General
Secretary of Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry, published in the Dutch newspa-
per De Volkskrant on August 9, 1997 where he says: “Since 1950 Soviet
psychiatry has not just been standing still, but has gone downhill. Absolutely
nothing has changed. The bulk of the [Russian] psychiatrists could never find
a job as a psychiatrist in the West. There, methods of treatment are customary
about which you cannot even talk anymore in the West. ” [Editor’s note.]
60
SOME INDESPENSIBLE CONCEPTS
In order to understand humanity, however, we must gain a
primary understanding of mankind’s instinctive substratum and
appreciate its salient role in the life of individuals and socie-
ties. This role easily escapes our notice, since our human spe-
cies’ instinctive responses seem so self-evident and are so
much taken for granted that it arouses insufficient interest. A
psychologist, schooled in the observation of human beings,
does not fully appreciate the role of this eternal phenomenon of
nature until he has years of professional experience.
Man’s instinctive substratum has a slightly different bio-
logical structure than that of animals. Energetically speaking, it
has become less dynamic and become more plastic, thereby
giving up its job as the main dictator of behavior. It has become
more receptive to the controls of reasoning, without, however,
losing much of the rich specific contents of the human kind.
It is precisely this phylogenetically developed basis for our
experience, and its emotional dynamism, that allow individuals
to develop their feelings and social bounds, enabling us to in-
tuit other people’s psychological state and individual or social
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