James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 04 of 12)

Apollodorus, iii. 4. 3; Schol. on Homer, Iliad , ii. 494; Pausanias, ix. 10. 5; Homeric Hymn to Apollo , 300 sq. The writer of the Homeric hymn merely says that Apollo slew the Delphic dragon at a spring; but Pausanias (x. 6. 6) tells us that the beast guarded the oracle.

Pausanias, x. 8. 9, x. 24. 7, with my notes; Ovid, Amores , i. 15. 35 sq. ; Lucian, Jupiter tragoedus , 30; Nonnus, Dionys. iv. 309 sq. ; Suidas, s. v. Κασταλία.

W. H. Roscher, Lexikon d. griech. u. röm. Mythologie , ii. 830, 838.

Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris , 1245 sq. , where the reading κατάχαλκος is clearly corrupt.

Lucian, Bis accusatus , I. So the priest of the Clarian Apollo at Colophon drank of a secret spring before he uttered oracles in verse (Tacitus, Annals , ii. 54; Pliny, Nat. hist. ii. 232).

Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris , 1245 sqq. ; Apollodorus, i. 4. I; Pausanias, x. 6. 6; Aelian, Var. hist. iii. i; Hyginus, Fabulae , 140; Schol. on Homer, Iliad , ii. 519; Schol. on Pindar, Pyth. Argument, p. 298, ed. Boeckh.

Euripides, Hercules Furens , 395 sqq. ; Apollodorus, ii. 5. II; Diodorus Siculus, iv. 26; Eratosthenes, Catasterism. 3; Schol. on Euripides, Hippolytus , 742; Schol. on Apollonius Rhodius, Argon , iv. 1396.

A. B. Cook, “The European Sky-god,” Folklore , xv. (1904) p. 413.

Ovid, Metam. i. 448 sqq.

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. i. I, p. 2, and ii. 34, p. 29, ed. Potter; Aristotle, Peplos , Frag. ( Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum , ii. p. 189, No. 282, ed. C. Müller); John of Antioch, Frag. i. 20 ( Frag. histor. Graec. iv. p. 539, ed. C. Müller); Jamblichus, De Pythagor. vit. x. 52; Schol. on Pindar, Pyth. Argum. p. 298, ed. Boeckh; Ovid, Metam. i. 445 sqq. ; Hyginus, Fabulae , 140.

Schol. on Pindar, l. c. ; Censorinus, De die natali , 18. 6; compare Eustathius on Homer, Od. iii. 267, p. 1466. 29.

Plutarch, De defectu oraculorum , 3, compared with id. 15; Aug. Mommsen, Delphika , pp. 211, 214; Th. Schreiber, Apollon Pythoktonos (Leipsic, 1879), pp. 32 sqq.

Aelian, Var. hist. iii. I; Schol. on Pindar, l. c.

On the original identity of the festivals see Th. Schreiber, Apollon Pythoktonus , pp. 37 sq. ; A. B. Cook, in Folklore , xv. (1904) pp. 404 sq.

The inference was drawn by Mr. A. B. Cook, whom I follow. See his article, “The European Sky-god,” Folk-lore , xv. (1904) pp. 412 sqq .

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , vol. i. p. 8.

Aelian, Var. hist. iii. 1; Schol. on Pindar, Pyth. Argum. p. 298, ed. Boeckh.

A. B. Cook, “The European Sky-god,” Folk-lore , xv. (1904) pp. 423 sq .

Pausanias, ix. 3. 4. See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , vol. ii. p. 140.

A. B. Cook, “The European Sky-god,” Folk-lore , xv. (1904) pp. 402 sqq .

Plato, Republic , viii. p. 565 d e; Polybius, vii. 13; Pliny, Nat. hist. viii. 81; Varro, cited by Augustine, De civitate Dei , xviii. 17; Pausanias, vi. 8. 2, viii. 2. 3-6.

Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa , pp. 536-543; T. J. Alldridge, The Sherbro and its Hinterland (London, 1901), pp. 153-159; compare R. H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904), pp. 200-203.

T. J. Alldridge, op. cit. p. 154.

A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste , ii. 248.

Apollodorus, iii. 5. 4; Strabo, vii. 7. 8, p. 326; Ovid, Metam . iv. 563-603; Hyginus, Fabulae , 6; Nicander, Theriaca , 607 sqq.

A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), p. 326.

Dercylus, quoted by a scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae , 7; Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum , ed. C. Müller, iv. 387. The writer rationalises the legend by representing the dragon as a Theban man of that name whom Cadmus slew. On the theory here suggested this Euhemeristic version of the story is substantially right.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , ii. 268 sqq.

David Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas , Second Edition (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 213. Compare H. Callaway, The Religious System of the Amazulu , Part II., pp. 196, 211.

See Adonis, Attis, Osiris , Second Edition, pp. 73 sqq.

D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa , p. 615; Miss A. Werner, The Natives of British Central Africa (London, 1906), p. 64; L. Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898), p. 74; J. Roscoe, “The Bahima,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxxvii. (1907) pp. 101 sq.; Major J. A. Meldon, “Notes on the Bahima,” Journal of the African Society , No. 22 (January, 1907), pp. 151-153; J. A. Chisholm, “Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Winamwanga and Wiwa,” Journal of the African Society , No. 36 (July, 1910), pp. 374, 375; P. Alois Hamberger, in Anthropos , v. (1910) p. 802.

W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London, 1906), ii. 194, 197, 221, 227, 305.

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast , pp. 74 sq.

This I learned from Professor F. von Luschan in the Anthropological Museum at Berlin.

M. Delafosse, in La Nature , No. 1086 (March 24th, 1894), pp. 262-266; J. G. Frazer, “Statues of Three Kings of Dahomey,” Man , viii. (1908) pp. 130-132. King Behanzin, surnamed the Shark, is doubtless the King of Dahomey referred to by Professor von Luschan (see the preceding note).

The statue was pointed out to me and explained by Professor F. von Luschan.

A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast , pp. 205 sq.

2 Kings xviii. 4.

W. Robertson Smith, “Animal Worship and Animal Tribes,” Journal of Philology , ix. (1880) pp. 99 sq. Professor T. K. Cheyne prefers to suppose that the brazen serpent and the brazen “sea” in the temple at Jerusalem were borrowed from Babylon and represented the great dragon, the impersonation of the primaeval watery chaos. See Encyclopaedia Biblica , s. v. “Nehushtan,” vol. i. coll. 3387. The two views are perhaps not wholly irreconcilable. See below, pp. 111 sq.