James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 04 of 12)

E. A. Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians , i. 25.

Pausanias, i. 26. 1. For a description of the scenery of this coast, see Morritt, in Walpole's Memoirs relating to European Turkey , i. 2p. 54.

W. H. Roscher, Über Selene und Verwandtes , pp. 30-33.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , ii. 130 sqq. We are told that Egyptian sovereigns assumed the masks of lions, bulls, and serpents as symbols of power (Diodorus Siculus, i. 62. 4).

As to Minos and Britomartis or Dictynna, see Callimachus, Hymn to Diana , 189 sqq. ; Pausanias, ii. 30. 3; Antoninus Liberalis, Transform. 40; Diodorus Siculus, v. 76. On Britomartis as a moon-goddess, see K. Hoeck, Kreta , ii. 170; W. H. Roscher, Über Selene und Verwandtes , pp. 45 sq. , 116-118. Hoeck acutely perceived that the pursuit of Britomartis by Minos “is a trait of old festival customs in which the conceptions of the sun-god were transferred to the king of the island.” As to the explanation here adopted of the myth of Zeus and Europa, see K. Hoeck, Kreta , i. 90 sqq. ; W. H. Roscher, op. cit. pp. 128-135. Moschus describes (ii. 84 sqq. ) the bull which carried off Europa as yellow in colour with a silver circle shining on his forehead, and he compares the bull's horns to those of the moon.

See W. H. Roscher, op. cit. pp. 76-82. Amongst the passages of classical writers which he cites are Plutarch, De facie in orbe lunae , 30; id. , Isis et Osiris , 52; Cornutus, Theologiae Graecae compendium , 34, p. 72, ed. C. Lang; Proclus, on Hesiod, Works and Days , 780; Macrobius, Commentar. in Somnium Scipionis , i. 18. 10 sq. ; Pliny, Nat. hist. ii. 45. When the sun and moon were eclipsed, the Tahitians supposed that the luminaries were in the act of copulation (J. Wilson, Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799), p. 346).

Plutarch, Theseus , 15 sq. ; Diodorus Siculus, iv. 61; Pausanias, i. 27. 10; Ovid, Metam. viii. 170 sq. According to another account, the tribute of youths and maidens was paid every year. See Virgil, Aen. vi. 14 sqq. , with the commentary of Servius; Hyginus, Fabulae , 41.

Apollodorus, i. 9. 26; Apollonius Rhodius, Argon. iv. 1638 sqq. , with the scholium; Agatharchides, in Photius, Bibliotheca , p. 443 b, lines 22-25, ed. Bekker; Lucian, De saltatione , 49; Zenobius, v. 85; Suidas, s. v. Σαρδάνιος γέλως; Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey , xx. 302, p. 1893; Schol. on Plato, Republic , i. p. 337 A.

Apollodorus, i. 9. 26.

Hesychius, s. v. Ταλῶς.

Diodorus Siculus, xx. 14; Clitarchus, cited by Suidas, s. v. Σαρδάνιος γέλως, and by the Scholiast on Plato, Republic , p. 337 A; Plutarch, De superstitione , 13; Paulus Fagius, quoted by Selden, De dis Syris (Leipsic, 1668), pp. 169 sq. The calf's head of the idol is mentioned only by P. Fagius, who drew his account from a book Jalkut by Rabbi Simeon.

Compare M. Mayer, s. v. “Kronos,” in W. H. Roscher's Lexikon d. griech. u. röm. Mythologie , iii. 1501 sqq.

J. Tzetzes, Chiliades , i. 646 sqq.

Homer, Iliad , xviii. 590 sqq.

Plutarch, Theseus , 21; Julius Pollux, iv. 101.

As to the Game of Troy, see Virgil, Aen. v. 545-603; Plutarch, Cato , 3; Tacitus, Annals , xi. 11; Suetonius, Augustus , 43; id. , Tiberius , 6; id. , Caligula , 18; id. , Nero , 6; W. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 3 s. v. “Trojae ludus”; O. Benndorf, “Das Alter des Trojaspieles,” appended to W. Reichel's Über homerische Waffen (Vienna, 1894), pp. 133-139.

O. Benndorf, op. cit. pp. 133 sq.

B. V. Head, Historia numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp. 389-391.

O. Benndorf, op. cit. pp. 134 sq.

Pliny, Nat. hist. xxxvi. 85.

O. Benndorf, op. cit. p. 135; W. Meyer, “Ein Labyrinth mit Versen,” Sitzungsberichte der philosoph. philolog. und histor . Classe der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München , 1882, vol. ii. pp. 267-300.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , i. 312.

B. V. Head, Historia numorum , p. 389.

Censorinus, De die natali , 18. 6.

The suggestion was made by Mr. A. B. Cook. The following discussion of the subject is founded on his ingenious exposition. See his article, “The European Sky-god,” Folklore , xv. (1904) pp. 402-424.

As to the Delphic festival see Plutarch, Quaest. Graec. 12; id. , De defectu oraculorum , 15; Strabo, ix. 3. 12, pp. 422 sq. ; Aelian, Var. hist. iii. 1; Stephanus Byzantius, s. v. Δειπνίας; K. O. Müller, Die Dorier , 2i. 203 sqq. , 321-324; Aug. Mommsen, Delphika (Leipsic, 1878), pp. 206 sqq. ; Th. Schreiber, Apollo Pythoktonos , pp. 9 sqq. ; my note on Pausanias, ii. 7. 7 (vol. ii. 53 sqq. ). As to the Theban festival, see Pausanias, ix. 10. 4, with my note; Proclus, quoted by Photius, Bibliotheca , p. 321, ed. Bekker; Aug. Boeckh, in his edition of Pindar, Explicationes , p. 590; K. O. Müller, Orchomenus und die Minyer , 2pp. 215 sq. ; id. , Dorier , 2i. 236 sq. , 333 sq. ; C. Boetticher, Der Baumkultus der Hellenen , pp. 386 sqq. ; G. F. Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer , 4ii. 479 sq.

Apollodorus, iii. 4. 2, iii. 10. 4; Servius, on Virgil, Aen. vii. 761. The servitude of Apollo is traditionally associated with his slaughter of the Cyclopes, not of the dragon. But see my note on Pausanias, ii. 7. 7 (vol. ii. pp. 53 sqq. ).

W. H. Roscher's Lexikon d. griech. und röm. Mythologie , ii. 830, 838, 839. On an Etruscan mirror the scene of Cadmus's combat with the dragon is surrounded by a wreath of laurel (Roscher, op. cit. ii. 862). Mr. A. B. Cook was the first to call attention to these vase-paintings in confirmation of my view that the Festival of the Laurel-bearing celebrated the destruction of the dragon by Cadmus ( Folklore , xv. (1904) p. 411, note 224).

Pausanias, ix. 10. 2; K. O. Müller, Die Dorier , 2i. 237 sq.

For evidence of the wide diffusion of the myth and the drama, see Th. Schreiber, Apollon Pythoktonos , pp. 39-50. The Laurel-bearing Apollo was worshipped at Athens, as we know from an inscription carved on one of the seats in the theatre. See E. S. Roberts and E. A. Gardner, Introduction to Greek Epigraphy , ii. (Cambridge, 1905) p. 467, No. 247.