James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 04 of 12)

“Der Muata Cazembe und die Völkerstämme der Maravis, Chevas, Muembas, Lundas und andere von Süd-Afrika,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde , vi. (1856) p. 395; F. T. Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa (London, 1861), ii. 241 sq.

See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul , pp. 6, 7 sq.

See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul , pp. 26 sqq.

W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific (London, 1876), p. 163.

H. A. Junod, Les Ba-Ronga (Neuchatel, 1898), pp. 381 sq.

W. Barbrooke Grubb, An Unknown People in an Unknown Land (London, 1911), p. 120.

T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911), p. 159.

Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 281.

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition (London, 1845), iii. 96.

U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology , by H. Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. Compare Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians , 2i. 183; J. E. Erskine, Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific (London, 1853), p. 248.

G. Turner, Samoa , p. 335.

Martin Flad, A Short Description of the Falasha and Kamants in Abyssinia , p. 19.

H. Diels, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker , 2i. (Berlin, 1906) p. 81; id. , Herakleitos von Ephesos 2(Berlin, 1909), p. 50, Frag. 136, ψυχαὶ ἀρηίφατοι καθαρώτεραι ἢ ἐνὶ νούσοις.

F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud , iv. (Paris, 1851) p. 380. Compare id. ii. 49 sq. as to the practice of the Chavantes, a tribe of Indians on the Tocantins river.

R. Southey, History of Brazil , iii. (London, 1819) p. 619; R. F. Burton, in The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse (Hakluyt Society, London, 1874), p. 122.

C. von Dittmar, “Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten Tschuktschen,” Bulletin de la Classe philologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg , xiii. (1856) coll. 122, 124 sq. The custom has now been completely abandoned. See W. Jochelson, “The Koryak, Religion and Myths” (Leyden and New York, 1905), p. 103 ( Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition , vol. vi. part i.).

C. von Dittmar, op. cit. col. 132; De Wrangell, Le Nord de la Sibérie (Paris, 1843), i. 263 sq. ; “Die Ethnographie Russlands nach A. F. Rittich,” Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft , No. 54 (Gotha, 1878), pp. 14 sq. ; “Der Anadyr-Bezirk nach A. W. Olssufjew,” Petermann's Mittheilungen , xlv. (1899) p. 230; V. Priklonski, “Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,” Globus , lix. (1891) p. 82; R. von Seidlitz, “Der Selbstmord bei den Tschuktschen,” ib. p. 111; Cremat, “Der Anadyrbezirk Sibiriens und seine Bevölkerung,” Globus , lxvi. (1894) p. 287; H. de Windt, Through the Gold-fields of Alaska to Bering Straits (London, 1898), pp. 223-225; W. Bogaras, “The Chukchee” (Leyden and New York, 1904-1909), pp. 560 sqq. ( Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition , vol. vii.).

L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 20, 24; T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911), p. 151.

K. Simrock, Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie , 5pp. 177 sq. , 507; H. M. Chadwick, The Cult of Othin (London, 1899), pp. 13 sq. , 34 sq.

Procopius, De bello Gothico , ii. 14.

J. Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer , 3p. 488. A custom of putting the sick and aged to death seems to have prevailed in several branches of the Aryan family; it may at one time have been common to the whole stock. See J. Grimm, op. cit. pp. 486 sqq. ; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde , pp. 36-39.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , ii. 4 sq.

Taboo and the Perils of the Soul , pp. 5 sq.

J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l'Éthiopie occidentale (Paris, 1732), i. 260 sq. ; W. Winwood Reade, Savage Africa (London, 1863), p. 362.

G. Merolla, Relazione del viaggio nel regno di Congo (Naples, 1726), p. 76. The English version of this passage (Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels , xvi. 228) has already been quoted by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) in his Origin of Civilisation , 4pp. 358 sq. In that version the native title of the pontiff is misspelt.

Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 822.

R. Lepsius, Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula of Sinai (London, 1853), pp. 202, 204. I have to thank Dr. E. Westermarck for pointing out these passages to me. Fazoql lies in the fork between the Blue Nile and its tributary the Tumat. See J. Russeger, Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika , ii. 2 (Stuttgart, 1844), p. 552 note.

Brun-Rollet, Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan (Paris, 1855), pp. 248 sq. For the orgiastic character of these annual festivals, see id. p. 245. Fazolglou is probably the same as Fazoql. The people who practise the custom are called Bertat by E. Marno ( Reisen im Gebiete des blauen und weissen Nil (Vienna, 1874), p. 68).

J. Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika , ii. 2, p. 553. Russegger met Assusa in January 1838, and says that the king had then been a year in office. He does not mention the name of the king's uncle who had, he tells us, been strangled by the chiefs; but I assume that he was the Yassin who is mentioned by Brun-Rollet. Russegger adds that the strangling of the king was performed publicly, and in the most solemn manner, and was said to happen often in Fazoql and the neighbouring countries.

R. Lepsius, Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula of Sinai (London, 1853), p. 204. Lepsius's letter is dated “The Pyramids of Meroë, 22nd April 1844.” His informant was Osman Bey, who had lived for sixteen years in these regions. An anqareb or angareb is a kind of bed made by stretching string or leather thongs over an oblong wooden framework.

I have to thank Dr. Seligmann for his kindness and courtesy in transmitting to me his unpublished account and allowing me to draw on it at my discretion.

As to Jŭok (Čuok), the supreme being of the Shilluk, see P. W. Hofmayr, “Religion der Schilluk,” Anthropos , vi. (1911) pp. 120-122, whose account agrees with the briefer one given by Dr. C. G. Seligmann. Otiose supreme beings ( dieux fainéants ) of this type, who having made the world do not meddle with it and to whom little or no worship is paid, are common in Africa.