James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 04 of 12)

A. Schlossar, “Volksmeinung und Volksaberglaube aus der deutschen Steiermark,” Germania , N.R., xxiv. (1891) p. 389.

Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 73.

E. Monseur, Le Folklore wallon , p. 61; A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France , pp. 101, 160, 223, 267, 284; B. Souché, Croyances, présages et traditions diverses , p. 23; P. Sébillot, Traditions et superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne , ii. 352; J. Lecœur, Esquisses du bocage normand , ii. 13; L. Pineau, Folk-lore du Poitou (Paris, 1892), pp. 525 sq.

L. F. Sauvé. Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), pp. 196 sq.

F. Chapiseau, Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche (Paris, 1902), i. 290; G. Finamore, Credenze, usi e costumi Abruzzesi (Palermo, 1890), p. 48.

North Indian Notes and Queries , i. p. 102, § 673. Compare id. p. 47, § 356; Indian Notes and Queries , iv. p. 184, § 674; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 82.

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches , 2iii. 171.

Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, Reise in das Innere Nord-America (Coblenz, 1839-1841), ii. 152. It does not, however, appear from the writer's statement whether the descent of the soul was identified with the flight of a meteor or not.

D. C. J. Ibbetson, Outlines of Panjab Ethnography (Calcutta, 1883), p. 118, § 231.

L. Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie , ii. 605 sqq. Ninety-nine lunar months nearly coincide with eight solar years, as the ancients well knew (Sozomenus, Historia ecclesiastica , vii. 18). On the religious and political import of the eight years' cycle in ancient Greece see especially K. O. Müller, Orchomenus und die Minyer , 2pp. 213-218; id. , Die Dorier , 2i. 254 sq. , 333 sq. , 440, ii. 96, 483; id. , Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie (Göttingen, 1825), pp. 422-424.

“Ancient opinion even assigned the regulation of the calendar by the solstices and equinoxes to the will of the gods that sacrifices should be rendered at similar times in each year, rather than to the strict requirements of agriculture; and as religion undoubtedly makes larger demands on the cultivator as agriculture advances, the obligations of sacrifice may probably be reckoned as of equal importance with agricultural necessities in urging the formation of reckonings in the nature of a calendar” (E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America , ii. 280).

As to the eight years' servitude of Apollo and Cadmus for the slaughter of dragons, see below, p. 78. For the nine years' penance of the man who had tasted human flesh at the festival of Zeus on Mount Lycaeus, see Pliny, Nat. hist. viii. 81 sq. ; Augustine, De civitate Dei , xviii. 17; Pausanias, viii. 2. 6; compare Plato, Republic , viii. p. 565 D E. Any god who forswore himself by the water of Styx was exiled for nine years from the society of his fellow-gods (Hesiod, Theogony , 793-804). On this subject see further, E. Rohde, Psyche , 3ii. 211 sq. ; W. H. Roscher, “Die enneadischen und hebdomadischen Fristen und Wochen der ältesten Griechen,” Abhandlungen der philolog. – histor. Klasse der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften , xxi. No. 4 (1903), pp. 24 sqq.

Plato, Meno , p. 81 a-c; Pindar, ed. Boeckh, vol. iii. pp. 623 sq. , Frag. 98.

Homer, Odyssey , xix. 178 sq. , τῇσι δ᾽ ἐνὶ Κνωσός, μεγάλη πόλις, ἔνθα τε Μίνως ἐννέωρος βασίλευε Διὸς μεγάλου ὀαριστής.

with the Scholia; Plato, Laws , i. I. p. 624 a, b;[ id. ] Minos , 13 sq. , pp. 319 sq. ; Strabo, ix. 4. 8, p. 476; Maximus Tyrius, Dissert. xxxviii. 2; Etymologicum magnum , s. v. ἐννέωροι, p. 343, 23 sqq. ; Valerius Maximus, i. 2, ext. I; compare Diodorus Siculus, v. 78. 3. Homer's expression, ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, has been variously explained. I follow the interpretation which appears to have generally found favour both with the ancients, including Plato, and with modern scholars. See K. Hoeck, Kreta , i. 244 sqq. ; K. O. Müller, Die Dorier , 2ii. 96; G. F. Unger, “Zeitrechnung der Griechen und Römer,” in Ivan Müller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft , i. 569; A. Schmidt, Handbuch der griechischen Chronologie (Jena, 1888), p. 65; W. H. Roscher, “Die enneadischen und hebdomadischen Fristen und Wochen der ältesten Griechen,” Abhandlungen der philolog. – histor. Klasse der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften , xxi. No. 4 (Leipsic, 1903), pp. 22 sq. ; E. Rohde, Psyche , 3i. 128 sq. Literally interpreted, ἐννέωρος means “for nine years,” not “for eight years.” But see above, p. 59, note 1.

Apollodorus, iii. 1. 3 sq. , iii. 15. 8; Diodorus Siculus, iv. 77; Schol. on Euripides, Hippolytus , 887; J. Tzetzes, Chiliades , i. 479 sqq. ; Hyginus, Fabulae , 40; Virgil, Ecl. vi. 45 sqq. ; Ovid, Ars amat. i. 289 sqq.

K. Hoeck, Kreta , ii. (Göttingen, 1828) pp. 63-69; L. Preller, Griechische Mythologie , 3ii. 119-123; W. H. Roscher, Über Selene mid Verwandtes (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 135-139; id. , Nachträge zu meiner Schrift über Selene (Leipsic, 1895), p. 3; Türk, in W. H. Roscher's Lexikon der griech. und röm. Mythologie , iii. 1666 sq. ; A. J. Evans, “Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult,” Journal of Hellenic Studies , xxi. (1901) p. 181; A. B. Cook, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review , xvii. (1903) pp. 406-412; compare id. , “The European Sky-god,” Folklore , xv. (1904) p. 272. All these writers, except Mr. Cook, regard Minos and Pasiphae as representing the sun and moon. Mr. Cook agrees so far as relates to Minos, but he supposes Pasiphae to be a sky-goddess or sun-goddess rather than a goddess of the moon. On the other hand, he was the first to suggest that the myth was periodically acted by the king and queen of Cnossus disguised in bovine form.

Compare The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , ii. 368 sq.

Bekker's Anecdota Graeca , i. 344, s. v. Ἀδιούνιος ταῦρος.

Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii , iii. 13. 1 sq. ; Diodorus Siculus, i. 84. 4, i. 88. 4; Strabo, xvii. 1. 22 and 27, pp. 803, 805; Aelian, De natura animalium , xi. II; Suidas, s. v. Ἆπις; Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii. 14. 7; A. Wiedemann, Herodots Zweites Buch , p. 552; A. Erman, Die ägyptische Religion (Berlin, 1905), p. 26; E. A. Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians (London, 1904), i. 330.