Ewald F. Fuchs - Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering

6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) Lightning instantaneous current i lightning( t ). (b) Lighting ...Figure 5.2 (a) Passive R , L , C load network/circuit supplied by source volta...Figure 5.3 Phasor voltage and phasor current for a resistor R .Figure 5.4 Phasor voltage and phasor current for an inductor L or jωL ...Figure 5.5 Phasor voltage and phasor current for a capacitor C or 1/ jωC ...Figure E5.1.1 Circuit for calculating the power balance.Figure 5.6 Single‐phase source–load circuit with line impedance.Figure 5.7 Given load voltage and resulting load current resulting in the im...Figure 5.8 (a) Resistive load R . (b) Phasor diagram for resistive load R .Figure 5.9 (a) Inductive reactive load jωL . (b) Phasor diagram for indu...Figure 5.10 (a) Capacitive reactive load 1/ jωC = − j / ωC . (b) Phasor...Figure 5.11 (a) Resistive–inductive load ( R + jωL ). (b) Phasor diagram ...Figure 5.12 (a) Resistive–capacitive load ( R + 1/ jωC ). (b) Phasor diagr...Figure E5.2.1 Transmission line supplying real power to load with different ...Figure 5.13 is the complex conjugate of .Figure 5.14 and in complex plane.Figure 5.15 (a) Resistive load ( R ) with and and dissipated power P R(b)...Figure 5.16 Real (average, resistive) power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.17 Inductive load jωL with and .Figure 5.18 Voltage and current phasors for inductive load.Figure 5.19 Reactive inductive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.20 Capacitive load 1/ jωC = − j / ωC with and .Figure 5.21 Voltage and current phasors for capacitive load.Figure 5.22 Reactive capacitive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.23 Resistive–inductive load ( R + jωL ) with and .Figure 5.24 Voltage and current phasors for resistive–inductive load.Figure 5.25 Reactive resistive–inductive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.26 Capacitive load ( R + 1/ jωC ) = ( R − j / ωC ) with and .Figure 5.27 Voltage and current phasors for resistive–capacitive load.Figure 5.28 Reactive resistive–capacitive power phasor in complex plane.Figure E5.3.1 Transmission/distribution line feeder.Figure E5.3.2 Load voltage and load current.Figure E5.3.3 Load real and reactive powers P loadand Q load, respectively,...Figure E5.3.4 Phasor rms voltages of the load and the source as well as the ...Figure 5.29 Circuit for power factor correction.Figure 5.30 Power relationships before the capacitor C is connected. Note P Figure 5.31 Power phasors for old (uncompensated) and new (compensated) cond...Figure E5.4.1 Power factor increase of a ( R + jωL ) load with parallel c...Figure E5.4.2 Real power ( P load old) and inductive reactive power ( Q Figure 5.32 Residential power circuit consisting of a center‐tapped S pole=...Figure 5.33 Residential Δ‐Y‐connected substation transformer, allowing for l...Figure E5.6.1 Typical three‐branch circuit of a residence.Figure 5.34 Two three‐phase systems suspended on transmission tower.Figure 5.35 Reduction of magnetic fields on the ground by employing a revers...Figure 5.36 Time‐domain representation of balanced voltages v an( t ), v bn( t )...Figure 5.37 Three‐phase Y‐connected voltage sources, for example, in an elec...Figure 5.38 Three‐phase Y‐connected phasor voltages , , in the complex p...Figure 5.39 Y‐Y configuration.Figure 5.40 Y‐Δ configuration.Figure 5.41 Δ‐Y configuration.Figure 5.42 Δ‐Δ configuration.Figure 5.43 (a) Balanced Y‐Y connections at source and at load, respectively...Figure 5.44 Balanced Y‐Δ connections at source and at load, respectively.Figure 5.45 (a) Line‐to‐line (L‐L) voltage definition for Δ‐connected balanc...Figure 5.46 (a) Balanced Y‐connection (either source or load) definition of ...Figure 5.47 (a) Balanced Δ connection (either source or load). (b) Phasor di...Figure P5.1.1 Calculation of instantaneous current i s( t ) and instantaneous ...Figure P5.2.1 Calculation of average power P and reactive power Q absorbed b...Figure P5.3.1 Computation of average power P and reactive power Q absorbed b...Figure P5.4.1 Conservation of real ( P ) power.Figure P5.5.1 (a) Root‐mean‐square value of (asymmetric) sawtooth voltage. (...Figure P5.6.1 Transmission line with load and source.Figure P5.7.1 Voltage and power factor to be computed at the sending end (so...Figure P5.8.1 Calculation of the complex powers at the source and at the loa...Figure P5.9.1 Single‐phase transmission line with impedance .Figure P5.10.1 Fundamental power factor correction as applied to a bank of s...Figure P5.12.1 Y‐Y configuration with given transmission line and load data....Figure P5.13.1 Y‐Δ configuration with given line current and load data.Figure P5.14.1 Δ‐Y configuration with given source voltages, load, and line ...Figure P5.15.1 Δ‐Δ configuration with given source voltages, load, and line ...Figure P5.16.1 (a) Lightning instantaneous current i lightning( t ). (b) Light...