Ewald F. Fuchs - Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering

7 Chapter 11Table E11.2.1 Mathematica statements for cases a, b, and c.Table P11.1.1 Voltage–current values for voltage‐drop method of measuring the...Table P11.1.2 Variation of speed n mwith excitation current I ffor no‐load con...Table P11.3.1 Armature voltage V a, armature current I a, and speed n m.Table 11.B.1 ( B ‐ H ) characteristic for stator iron core, where T stands for te...Table 11.B.2 ( B ‐ H ) characteristic for rotor iron core, where T stands for tes...

8 Chapter 12Table E12.7.1 PSPICE program codes for Application Example 12.7, part a, Figu...Table E12.7.2 PSPICE program codes for Application Example 12.7, part b (see ...Table E12.7.3 PSPICE program codes for Application Example 12.7, part c (see ...Table 12.1 PSPICE input program for PWM inverter operation at a gating signal...Table 12.2 PSPICE input program for PWM inverter operation at a gating signal...Table E12.14.1 PSPICE input program for PWM inverter operation feeding a non‐...Table E12.16.1 PSPICE input program for PWM rectifier operation at a gating s...

1 Preface Figure P.1 Measured temperature anomalies during 2014 referring to the avera... Figure P.2 CO 2variation and increase [2] during the past 800 000 years. Figure P.3 Possible emissions pathways [5], billions of metric tons of CO 2.... Figure P.4 Divergent scenarios [5] for atmospheric CO 2in parts per million ... Figure P.5 Electric power (generation and consumption) requirements in Germa... Figure P.6 The breakup of China's southern power grid due to the concentrati...

2 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Combined heat and (electric) power (CHP) plant. Figure 1.2 Definition of a (Carnot) cycle. The vertical y ‐axis represents th... Figure 1.3 Carnot (piston) machine. Figure 1.4 (a) Summary of ( pTV ) diagram of Carnot cycle [7]. (b) Heat flow i... Figure E1.1.1 Adiabatic calculations for the determination of input and outp... Figure 1.5 (a) Rankine cycle. (b) ( Ts ) diagram of Rankine cycle. Below the s... Figure 1.6 (a) Brayton cycle. (b) ( pV ) diagram of Brayton cycle, where s is ... Figure 1.7 (a) ( pV ) diagram of Ericsson cycle, where T is parameter. (b) ( Ts Figure 1.8 (a) Theoretical (th) efficiency characteristics η thof diese... Figure E1.2.1 Components of the CHP Dobbiaco–San Candido, Italy. Figure 1.9 (a) Schematic of heat pump. (b) Operating principle of a heat pum... Figure 1.10 Representative types of water turbines [20, 23–25]. Figure 1.11 Wind power farm. Figure 1.12 (a) Growth of solar‐heating power plants in Germany [32]. (b) Ut... Figure E1.6.1 (a) High‐efficiency, single‐family dwelling with PV system and... Figure E1.6.2 Energy disclosure for single‐family dwelling of Figure E1.6.1a... Figure E1.6.3 Weekly average energy readings per day for EI i, EG i, EHC i, and... Figure E1.6.4 Maximum possible hours of sunshine in Munich in particular on ... Figure E1.6.5 Reduction of generation of PV modules from 2014 to 2018, where... Figure E1.7.1 One smartphone (including its use of transmission towers) can ... Figure E1.7.2 Presently permitted general “electro‐smog” limit values for 2.... Figure E1.7.3 Recommended precautionary “electro‐smog” limit values for 2100... Figure 1.13 Capacity factors for assorted energy systems. Figure 1.14 (a) Charged capacitor with electrons endowed [49] with voltage v Figure E1.8.1 Arrangement of three charges along the x ‐axis. Figure E1.8.2 Calculation of force applied to q 1. Figure E1.8.3 Calculation of force applied to q 2. Figure E1.8.4 Calculation of force applied to q 3. Figure E1.8.5 Force distribution so that the resultant force acting on q 2is... Figure 1.15 Negative (e.g. electrons) and positive (e.g. atoms stripped of e... Figure 1.16 Voltage v causes electrons to move through load resistance R inc... Figure 1.17 Constant unipolar direct current (DC). Figure 1.18 Alternating current (AC) with frequency f . Figure E1.9.1 Heart pulsations of 12‐year‐old person with 82 bpm. Figure E1.9.2 Heart pulsations of a newborn with 150 bpm. Figure E1.10.1 View of the mountain range Drei Türme at the Swiss‐Austrian b... Figure E1.10.2 Changing bpm of an adult hiking up Drei Türme from minimum al... Figure E1.11.1 Hearing sound intensity as a function of frequency for a youn... Figure E1.11.2 Hearing area intensity as a function of frequency for a young... Figure 1.19 (a) Definition of voltage V 1= V A− V Bas a function of voltages... Figure 1.20 Equivalent circuit for time‐dependent instantaneous voltages v ( t Figure 1.21 Two equivalent circuits for DC voltage V batand current I . Figure 1.22 (a) Ideal passive DC circuit with either resistor R , capacitor C Figure 1.23 (a) Time‐independent DC and time‐dependent voltage sources. (b) ... Figure 1.24 (a) Current flow of a galvanic element consisting of Zn and Cu e... Figure 1.25 Conventional electrolysis. Figure 1.26 High‐temperature [67] electrolysis, where “v/%” stands for “volu...Figure E1.15.1 North–south cross section of Alpine foothills near Munich [73...Figure E1.15.2 Schematic of geothermal district heating plant in Messestadt ...Figure E1.16.1 Global distribution of modern groundwater depth.Figure E1.17.1 Depicts the controlled fusion [80] of hydrogen to helium atom...Figure E1.17.2 Wendelstein [79] fusion reactor, not yet operational.Figure E1.18.1 Illumination of Berlin as viewed from outer space [81].Figure P1.3.1 Block diagram of combustor, compressor, and steam turbine with...Figure P1.11.1 Arrangement of three charges in the x − y plane.Figure P1.19.1 Configuration of PV panels on residence and on garage. The ro...Figure 1.A.1 27 Rooftop 27 solar panels consisting of two independent DC cir...Figure 1.B.1 Basic elements of a power generation, transmission, and distrib...Figure 1.B.2 Generator with transformer inside the power plant fence, step‐u...Figure 1.B.3 Generation of free electrons within a copper (Cu) conductor due...Figure 1.B.4 Process of endowed electron migration within a copper/aluminum ...Figure 1.B.5 Electricity processing along a conductor and employing transfor...Figure 1.B.6 Some water (H 2O) molecules exit pipe through drilled hole.Figure 1.B.7 Neither free nor endowed electrons leave the conductor through ...Figure 1.B.8 Reduction of magnetic fields by employing a reverse‐phased, dou...Figure 1.C.1 Electricity charges in cents/kWh expressed in euro (€) for vari...Figure 1.C.2 Increase of monthly electricity bill in euro (€) for a resident...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Time‐dependent AC voltage v AC( t ) and current i AC( t ), (b) time...Figure 2.2 Definition of ohmic resistance R measured in Ω.Figure 2.3 Kirchhoff's current law at a node, where N = 4.Figure 2.4 Kirchhoff's voltage law within a mesh or loop, where for N = 4 vo...Figure 2.5 (a) Independent voltage source characterized by a circle with + a...Figure 2.6 Application of KVL to single‐loop circuit.Figure 2.7 Application of voltage divider rule.Figure 2.8 Detailed equivalent circuit for single‐node pair.Figure 2.9 Reduced equivalent circuit for single‐node pair where v A( t ) = R p i Figure 2.10 Detailed parallel equivalent circuit illustrating current divisi...Figure 2.11 Reduced parallel equivalent circuit illustrating current divisio...Figure 2.12 Series connection of N resistors.Figure 2.13 Parallel connection of N resistors.Figure E2.1.1 Bridge‐type circuit with nodes a, b, and c, which are instrume...Figure E2.1.2 Replacement of Δ by equivalent Y circuit.Figure E2.2.1 Bridge circuit in series with the resistor R series.Figure E2.2.2 Reduced circuit, equivalent to circuit of Figure E2.2.1.Figure E2.3.1 Three‐node network with known currents i A( t ) and i B( t ).Figure E2.4.1 Two‐mesh circuit.Figure 2.14 (a) Linear and (b) nonlinear voltage–current characteristics v =...Figure E2.5.1 Two independent sources v A( t ) and i A( t ) within an electric cir...Figure E2.5.2 Reduced electric circuit with v A( t ) = 0.Figure E2.5.3 Redrawing of electric circuit of Figure E2.5.2.Figure E2.5.4 Reduced electric circuit with i A( t ) = 0.Figure 2.15 Independent current source i ( t ) with load resistor R L.Figure 2.16 Independent voltage source v ( t ) with load resistor R L.Figure 2.17 Given electric circuit.Figure 2.18 Network of Figure 2.17 but with removed load resistor R L; defini...Figure 2.19 Calculation of short‐circuit (sc) current I scflowing from termi...Figure 2.20 Thévenin (TH)‐adjusted equivalent network with load resistor R L...Figure 2.21 Norton equivalent electric circuit with load resistor R Lconnect...Figure E2.6.1 Given network.Figure E2.6.2 Calculation of open‐circuit (oc) voltage V oc.Figure E2.6.3 Calculation of Thévenin resistance R TH.Figure E2.6.4 Thévenin equivalent circuit with load consisting of R 2and R 3....Figure E2.6.5 Norton equivalent circuit and load.Figure 2.22 (a) Thévenin and (b) Norton equivalent circuits.Figure 2.23 Wheatstone bridge for measuring the resistance R 1= R xwith galv...Figure E2.7.1 Determination of open‐circuit voltage V oc.Figure E2.7.2 Determination of short‐circuit current I scthrough galvanomete...Figure E2.7.3 Determination of Thévenin resistance R TH, where R 5is the galv...Figure P2.1.1 Parallel resistive circuit.Figure P2.4.1 Application of Kirchhoff's second law.Figure P2.5.1 Single‐loop circuit.Figure P2.6.1 Single‐node pair circuit.Figure P2.7.1 Current division and summation.Figure P2.8.1 Voltage division and summation.Figure P2.9.1 Series connection of resistors.Figure P2.10.1 Parallel connection of resistors.Figure P2.11.1 Nodal analysis circuit.Figure P2.12.1 Circuit to be solved via loop/mesh analysis.Figure P2.13.1 Circuit to be solved via the principle of superposition.Figure P2.14.1 Circuit to be solved via source transformation.Figure P2.16.1 Circuit to be solved via Thévenin's theorem.Figure P2.17.1 Circuit to be solved via source transformation.