Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The Indian ink stain with non‐PS‐producible LAB (a, b) and with P...Figure 4.2 Outline of biosynthesis of hetero‐PS in a bacterial cell. Glucos...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Illustration of tissue engineering principle triad composed of th...Figure 5.2 Typical plasma drug concentration profiles: conventional dosage f...Figure 5.3 Commonly used biomaterials.Figure 5.4 Cellulose polymer chemical structure: (a) molecular structure of ...Figure 5.5 Hierarchical organization of cellulose polymer chain into microfi...Figure 5.6 Suitable positions for cellulose chemical modifications.Figure 5.7 Number of papers and patents released each year dealing with CNFs...Figure 5.8 From wood trunk to cellulose nanomaterials, the cell wall layer i...Figure 5.9 General procedure to obtain cellulose nanocrystals.Figure 5.10 Main mechanical treatment device for production of CNF suspensio...Figure 5.11 General procedures to obtain cellulose nanofibrils.Figure 5.12 Illustration of cellulase mode of action. β‐Glycosidase (βG) rel...Figure 5.13 Schematic mechanisms of regioselective oxidation of primary hydr...Figure 5.14 Komagataeibacter xylinus (also known as Acetobacter xylinum ) pro...Figure 5.15 Five topics for the characterization of CNMs and associated char...Figure 5.16 (a) Number of patents dealing with CNF materials. Descriptors: c...Figure 5.17 Shape conformability and moist environment for reduction of pain...Figure 5.18 Release study of indomethacin from CNF films produced by filtrat...Figure 5.19 SPECT/CT images of 99mTc‐labeled human serum albumin injected in...Figure 5.20 SEM pictures of calcium crosslinked TEMPO CNF aerogels exposed t...Figure 5.21 Overview of the fabrication of the cellulose‐derived nanofibrous...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Mucins in the human body. (a) Mucus covers all wet epithelia and ...Figure 6.2 Purification of mucins from animal sources. A typical process for...Figure 6.3 The complex molecular architecture of mucins is responsible for t...Figure 6.4 Biomedical applications of purified mucins. Mucin coatings or muc...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Synthesis techniques for fibrous proteins. (a) Electrospinning....Figure 7.2 Morphological structures of several fibrous proteins. (a) Electros...Figure 7.3 Amyloid–HA hybrid film for bone tissue engineering application....Figure 7.4 Self‐assembled silk nanofiber hydrogel for drug delivery applicat...Figure 7.5 Self‐assembling Aβ fibrillar platform for detecting biomolecules:...Figure 7.6 The conductivity of synthetic protein nanowires.(a) The nanowire...Figure 7.7 Light harvesting of protein nanowire‐based hybrid nanomaterials: ...Figure 7.8 Electrospun nanofibrous NF membranes for air filtration: (a) NF m...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Chemical structure of PHAs; R = methyl (C1) to tridecyl (C13).Figure 8.2 Microbial production system for three polyesters based on biotech...Figure 8.3 Chemical structure of PHBH.Figure 8.4 Fermentative production of PHBH by Aeromonas caviae FA440.Figure 8.5 Plots for modulus vs. elongation of various polymers.Figure 8.6 Industrial production process of PHBH.Figure 8.7 Achievements in PHBH accumulating cells. The transmission electro...Figure 8.8 PHBH synthesis pathway from plant oil.Figure 8.9 Genotype of KNK‐005.Figure 8.10 Pathway for conversion of acetyl‐CoA and butyryl‐CoA to ( R )‐3HHx...Figure 8.11 PHBH molded samples.Figure 8.12 Logo mark of OK biodegradable MARINE certification.Figure 8.13 Medium‐chain‐length (mcl) 3‐hydroxyalkanoates as building blocks...Figure 8.14 Metabolic pathways for mcl‐PHA. The enzymes involved in fatty ac...Figure 8.15 Metabolic pathway for enhanced synthesis of homo‐PHA constructed...Figure 8.16 Industrial production of poly(lactide) via chemo‐bio process.Figure 8.17 LA‐based polymer biosynthesis pathway from sugars. PCT: propiony...Figure 8.18 The enhancement of LA fraction in LA‐based polymer. STQK: PhaC1 S...Figure 8.19 Integrated production process of LA‐based polymer from renewable...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Overview of the substrate families, fabrication technologies, and...Figure 9.2 Structures of polysaccharides utilized as substrates in drug deli...Figure 9.3 Structures of natural polypeptides utilized as substrates in drug...Figure 9.4 Structures of synthetic polypeptides utilized as substrates in dr...Figure 9.5 Self‐assembly of monomer peptides (random coil, α‐helix, β‐sheet,...Figure 9.6 Fabrication techniques to convert polysaccharides into hydrogel s...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Electrospun tissue scaffolds. (a) Typical electrospinning setup....Figure 10.2 Three‐dimensional bioprinted constructs. (a) A rabbit urethra ti...Figure 10.3 In situ crosslinking of photocrosslinkable hydrogels. (a) Printh...Figure 10.4 Selective laser sintering of PCL microspheres for bone scaffold ...Figure 10.5 Biopolymer scaffolds for ligament and tendon regeneration. (a) M...Figure 10.6 Cardiac biopolymer scaffolds. (a) A hybrid cardiac patch was for...

1 Cover Page

2 Title Page Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications Edited by Bernd H. A. Rehm M. Fata Moradali

3 Copyright Copyright Editors Dr. Bernd H. A. Rehm Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia Dr. M. Fata Moradali Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases University of Louisville United States All books published by Wiley‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at < http://dnb.d-nb.de >. © 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34530‐4 ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81828‐0 ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81830‐3 oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81831‐0 Cover Design Adam‐Design, Weinheim, Germany

4 Table of Contents

5 Begin Reading

6 Index

7 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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