Bio-Based Epoxy Polymers, Blends, and Composites

315 312

316 313

317 314

318 315

319 316

320 317

321 318

322 319

323 320

324 321

325 323

326 324

327 325

328 326

329 327

330 328

331 329

332 330

333 331

334 332

335 333

336 334

337 335

338 336

339 337

340 338

341 339

342 340

343 341

344 342

345 343

346 344

347 345

348 346

349 347

350 348

351 349

352 350

353 351

354 352

355 353

356 354

357 355

358 356

359 357

360 358

361 359

362 360

363 361

364 362

365 363

366 364

367 365

368 366

369 367

370 368

371 369

372 370

373 371

374 372

375 373

376 374

377 375

378 376

379 377

380 378

381 379

Edited by

Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai

Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa

Suchart Siengchin

Seno Jose

Editors

Dr. Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai

King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok

Center of Innovation in Design and Engineering for Manufacturing

1518 Pracharaj 1

Wongsawang Road, Bangsue

10800 Bangkok

Thailand

Dr. Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa

King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok

Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering

1518 Pracharaj 1

Wongsawang Road, Bangsue

10800 Bangkok

Thailand

Prof. Dr.-Ing.habil. Suchart Siengchin

King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok

Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering

1518 Pracharaj 1

Wongsawang Road, Bangsue

10800 Bangkok

Thailand

Dr. Seno Jose

Government College Kottayam

Department of Chemistry

Nattakom P O

Kottayam

686013 Kerala

India

Cover

Cover Image: © 985 Bilder/Pixabay

All books published by Wiley‐VCHare carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.:applied for

British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at < http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN:978‐3‐527‐34648‐6

ePDF ISBN:978‐3‐527‐82359‐8

ePub ISBN:978‐3‐527‐82361‐1

oBook ISBN:978‐3‐527‐82360‐4

Editors are honored to dedicate this book to their family members and friends. Editors would like to thank King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand for the support through Grant No. KMUTNB-BasicR-64-16.

Epoxy polymers are thermosetting polymers widely used in construction and building, automobile, aerospace, and marine industries. However, traditional epoxy systems are nonbiodegradable and cannot be recycled. The plastic waste is generating at an alarming rate and only 9% is recycled, and the remaining 91% is either landfilled or dumped in the natural environment. Moreover, plastic waste accumulation in the seawater, especially in the Pacific Ocean, is increasing at an alarming rate. Therefore, researchers and scientists are concentrating to develop biodegradable polymers. One of the inventions in this area is the production of bioepoxy resins from different plant sources. A surge in the production of bioepoxy resins was observed in the past decade. The polymer manufacturers (Sicomin, Gougeon Brothers, Wessex Resins, Bitrez, etc.) are now producing bioepoxy resins. Generally, bioepoxy resins are brittle, which limits their application in advanced composite industries. Studies have shown that the incorporation of fillers/fibers can significantly enhance the thermomechanical, electrical, and other physical properties of the bioepoxy composites. The high acceptance level of bioepoxy resins in automobile, aerospace, construction, and marine industries all across the world is expected to increase the production of bioepoxy resins in the coming years.

The research in the field of bioepoxy resins and their blends and composites are flourishing. This leads to an upsurge in the number of publications. However, no books have been published in the area of bioepoxy resins. Therefore, we believe that it is important to edit a book on “Bio‐Based Epoxy Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization, and Applications.” We hope that the present book will benefit scientists, engineers, academic staff, and students working in the area of bio‐based epoxy polymers, blends, and composites.

This book consists of 12 chapters that describe “Bio‐Based Epoxy Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization, and Applications.” The chapter “Synthesis of Bioepoxy Resins” summarizes the synthesis of fully bio‐based epoxy resins, their properties, and potential uses. The chapter “Natural/Synthetic Fiber‐Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites” focuses on the different bioepoxy resins and natural/synthetic fiber‐reinforced bioepoxy composites, their mechanical properties, and applications. The chapter “Polymer Blends Based on Bioepoxy Polymers” reviews the preparation of bio‐based epoxy blends for various applications. The chapter “Cure Kinetics of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” emphasizes the importance of kinetics studies of the bioepoxy/hardener reaction. The chapter “Rheology of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” discusses the role of rheological studies on the processing of the bioepoxy composites. The chapter “Dynamical Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” describes the viscoelastic properties of bioepoxy blends and composites. The chapter “Mechanical Properties of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” discusses the factors influencing the mechanical aspects of bioepoxy composites. The chapter “Bioepoxy Polymer, Blends, and Composites Derived Utilitarian Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties” reviews the electrical, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of bioepoxy systems. The chapter “Spectroscopy and Other Miscellanies Techniques for the Characterization of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” gives an overview of the characterization of bioepoxy systems using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The chapter “Flame Retardancy of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” highlights the recent developments in flame‐retardant bio‐based epoxy resins. The chapter “Water Sorption and Solvent Sorption of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites” focuses on the water absorption properties of bioepoxy systems. The chapter “Bio‐Based Epoxy: Applications in Mendable and Reprocessable Thermosets, Thermosetting Foams, and Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives” give an overview of the recent developments in self‐healing bioepoxy systems and bio‐based epoxy foams.