High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks

1 Cover

2 Series Page

3 Title Page

4 Copyright Page

5 Dedication Page

6 List of Contributors

7 Series Preface

8 1 High‐performance Materials from Bio‐based Feedstocks: Introduction and Structure of the Book 1.1 Introduction 1.2 High‐performance Bio‐based Materials and Their Applications 1.3 Structure of the Book References

9 2 Bio‐based Carbon Materials for Catalysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Biomass Resources for Carbon Materials 2.3 Thermochemical Conversion Processes 2.4 Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis 2.5 Catalysis Applications of Selected Bio‐based Carbon Materials 2.6 Summary and Future Aspects References

10 3 Starbon ®: Novel Template‐Free Mesoporous Carbonaceous Materials from Biomass – Synthesis, Functionalisation and Applications in Adsorption, and Catalysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Choice of Polysaccharide References

11 4 Conversion of Biowastes into Carbon‐based Electrodes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conversion Techniques of Biowastes 4.3 Structure and Doping 4.4 Electrochemical Applications 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgments References

12 5 Bio‐based Materials in Electrochemical Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fundamentals of Bio‐based Materials 5.3 Application of Bio‐based Materials in Batteries 5.4 Application of Bio‐based Polymers in Capacitors 5.5 Alternative Binders for Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage 5.6 Application of Bio‐based Polymers in Fuel Cells 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook References

13 6 Bio‐based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modifiers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bio‐based Materials 6.3 Conclusion References

14 7 Biopolymer Composites for Recovery of Precious and Rare Earth Metals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mechanisms of Metal Adsorption 7.3 Composite Materials and Their Adsorption 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook References

15 8 Bio‐Based Materials in Anti‐HIV Drug Delivery 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biomedical Strategies for HIV Prophylaxis 8.3 Properties of Anti‐HIV Drug Delivery Systems 8.4 Bio‐based Materials for Anti‐HIV Drug Delivery Systems 8.5 Conclusion References

16 9 Chitin – A Natural Bio‐feedstock and Its Derivatives: Chemistry and Properties for Biomedical Applications 9.1 Bio‐feedstocks 9.2 Synthetic Route 9.3 Properties of Chitin, ChGC, and Its Derivatives for Therapeutic Applications 9.4 Gene Therapy – A Biomedical Approach 9.5 Cs: Properties and Factors Affecting Gene Delivery 9.6 Organic Modifications of Cs Backbone for Enhancing the Properties of Cs Associated with Gene Delivery 9.7 Multifunctional Modifications of Cs 9.8 Miscellaneous 9.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References

17 10 Carbohydrate‐Based Materials for Biomedical Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bio‐based Glycopolymers 10.3 Synthetic Carbohydrate‐based Functionalized Materials 10.4 Conclusion References

18 11 Organic Feedstock as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Protein‐based Natural Biomaterials 11.3 Polysaccharide‐based Natural Biomaterials 11.4 Summary References

19 12 Green Synthesis of Bio‐based Metal–Organic Frameworks 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Green Synthesis of MOFs 12.3 Bio‐based Ligands 12.4 Metal Ion Considerations 12.5 Challenges for Further Development Towards Applications 12.6 Conclusion References

20 13 Geopolymers Based on Biomass Ash and Bio‐based Additives for Construction Industry 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Pozzolan and Agricultural Waste Ash 13.3 Geopolymer 13.4 Combustion of Biomass 13.5 Properties and Utilization of Biomass Ashes 13.6 Biomass Ash‐based Geopolymer 13.7 Conclusion References

21 14 The Role of Bio‐based Excipients in the Formulation of Lipophilic Nutraceuticals 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Emulsions and the Importance of Bio‐based Materials as Emulsifiers 14.3 Novel Formulation Technologies: Colloidal Delivery Vesicles 14.4 Key Drying Technologies Employed During Formulation 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References

22 15 Bio‐derived Polymers for Packaging 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Starch 15.3 Chitin/Chitosan 15.4 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 15.5 Poly(Lactic Acid) 15.6 Bio‐based Active and Intelligent Agents for Packaging 15.7 Conclusion References

23 16 Recent Developments in Bio‐Based Materials for Controlled‐Release Fertilizers 16.1 Introduction and Historical Review 16.2 Mechanistic View of Controlled‐Release Fertilizer from Bio‐based Materials 16.3 Controlled Release Technologies from Bio‐based Materials 16.4 Conclusion and Foresight Acknowledgments References

24 Index

25 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Weight ratio of chemical compositions in lignocellulosic materials ... Table 2.2 Chemical components in various wood categories [13–18]. Table 2.3 Comparison of typical physical and chemical properties of bio‐base ... Table 2.4 Comparison of various catalysts for biodiesel production.

2 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Summarised IR data of a range of sulphonated and unsulphonated Sta ... Table 3.2 Textural properties of N‐doped Starbon compared with N‐free analog ... Table 3.3 Nitrogen content of N‐doped Starbons. Table 3.4 Collected data for the adsorption of phenols on alginic‐acid‐deriv ... Table 3.5 Adsorption capacities for various alginic‐acid‐derived Starbons an ...

3 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Conversion techniques and activation procedures for the preparatio ...

4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Adsorption performance of precious and rare earth metals of select ...Table 7.2 Adsorption performance of precious and rare earth metals of select ...Table 7.3 Adsorption performance of precious and rare earth metals of select ...Table 7.4 Adsorption performance of precious metals of selected lignin‐based ...

5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Bio‐based materials used in the development of anti‐HIV drug deliv ...

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Various bio‐feedstocks for obtaining biopolymers. Table 9.2 Summary of special characteristics of target ligand‐modified Cs‐ba ...Table 9.3 Summary of special features/application in multifunctional modific ...Table 9.4 Summary of special features/biomedical application in Cs‐based nan ...

7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Examples of bio‐based MOFs for which green or near‐green synthesi ...Table 12.2 Comparison between MOFs and alternative materials.

8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Typical chemical compositions of rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash ...Table 13.2 Typical chemical compositions of external‐source materials.

9 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Classification of bio‐based polymers. Table 15.2 Mechanical properties of PLA blends with bio‐based toughening age ...

10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Structures and sources of common biopolymers.

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Some advantages of bio‐based carbon materials. Figure 2.2 Classification of biomass. Figure 2.3 Thermochemical processes for biomass conversion. Figure 2.4 Examples of chemical reactions catalyzed by biomass‐derived carbo ... Figure 2.5 Transesterification of triglyceride. Figure 2.6 Esterification of fatty acid. Figure 2.7 Esterification of acetic acid. Figure 2.8 Reduction of nitrobenzene. Figure 2.9 Conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Figure 2.10 Hydrolysis of cellulose. Figure 2.11 Hydrogenation of levulinic acid.

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Role of capillary forces in the collapse of soft porous materials ... Figure 3.2 Evolution of porosity as a function of water : butanol compositio ... Figure 3.3 Comparison of porosity of the three major Starbon types. Figure 3.4 Diesterification of succinic acid in aqueous ethanol as a functio ... Figure 3.5 Esterification of oleic acid with sulphonated Starbon materials. ... Figure 3.6 Conversion of xylose to furfural and extraction of furfural. Figure 3.7 Functionalisation of steroids via Starbon acid‐catalysed Ritter r ... Figure 3.8 Friedel Crafts reactions catalysed by a range of Starbon acids. ( ... Figure 3.9 Synthesis of an N‐heterocyclic carbine‐based catalyst on the Star ... Figure 3.10 Preparation of a chiral bis‐oxalolidinone catalyst via surface b ... Figure 3.11 Selective acylation of a diol by a supported Cu‐bis‐oxalodinone/ ... Figure 3.12 Comparison of pH‐dependent adsorption behaviour (via COD reducti ... Figure 3.13 Four bioactive molecules studied for adsorption/desorption behav ...