Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

1096 1118

1097 1119

1098 1120

1099 1121

1100 1122

1101 1123

1102 1125

1103 1126

1104 1127

1105 1128

1106 1129

1107 1130

1108 1131

1109 1132

1110 1133

1111 1134

1112 1135

1113 1136

1114 1137

1115 1138

1116 1139

1117 1140

1118 1141

1119 1142

1120 1143

1121 1144

1122 1145

1123 1146

1124 1147

1125 1148

1126 1149

1127 1150

1128 1151

1129 1152

1130 1153

1131 1154

1132 1155

1133 1156

1134 1157

1135 1158

1136 1159

1137 1160

1138 1161

1139 1162

1140 1163

1141 1164

1142 1165

1143 1166

1144 1167

1145 1168

1146 1169

1147 1170

1148 1171

1149 1172

1150 1173

1151 1174

1152 1175

1153 1176

1154 1177

1155 1179

1156 1180

1157 1181

1158 1182

1159 1183

1160 1184

1161 1185

1162 1186

1163 1187

1164 1188

1165 1189

1166 1191

1167 1192

1168 1193

1169 1194

1170 1195

1171 1196

1172 1197

1173 1198

1174 1199

1175 1200

1176 1201

1177 1202

1178 1203

1179 1204

1180 1205

1181 1206

1182 1207

1183 1208

1184 1209

1185 1210

1186 1211

1187 1212

1188 1213

1189 1214

1190 1215

1191 1216

1192 1217

1193 1218

1194 1219

1195 1220

1196 1221

1197 1222

1198 1223

1199 1224

1200 1225

1201 1226

1202 1227

1203 1228

1204 1229

1205 1231

1206 1232

1207 1233

1208 1234

1209 1235

1210 1236

1211 1237

1212 1238

1213 1239

1214 1240

1215 1241

1216 1242

1217 1243

1218 1244

1219 1245

1220 1246

1221 1247

1222 1248

1223 1249

1224 1250

1225 1251

1226 1252

1227 1253

1228 1254

1229 1255

1230 1256

1231 1257

1232 1258

1233 1259

1234 1261

1235 1262

1236 1263

1237 1264

1238 1265

1239 1266

1240 1267

1241 1268

1242 1269

1243 1270

1244 1271

1245 1273

1246 1274

1247 1275

1248 1276

1249 1277

1250 1278

1251 1279

1252 1280

1253 1281

1254 1282

1255 1283

1256 1285

1257 1286

1258 1287

1259 1288

1260 1289

1261 1290

1262 1291

1263 1292

1264 1293

1265 1294

1266 1295

1267 1296

1268 1297

1269 1298

1270 1299

1271 1300

1272 1301

1273 1302

1274 1303

1275 1304

1276 1305

1277 1306

1278 1307

1279 1309

1280 1310

1281 1311

1282 1312

1283 1313

1284 1314

1285 1315

1286 1316

1287 1317

1288 1318

1289 1319

1290 1320

1291 1321

1292 1322

1293 1323

1294 1324

1295 1325

1296 1327

1297 1328

1298 1329

1299 1330

1300 1331

1301 1332

1302 1333

1303 1334

1304 1335

1305 1336

1306 1337

1307 1338

1308 1339

1309 1340

1310 1341

1311 1342

1312 1343

1313 1344

1314 1345

1315 1346

1316 1347

1317 1348

1318 1349

1319 1350

1320 1351

1321 1352

1322 1353

1323 1354

1324 1355

1325 1356

1326 1357

1327 1358

1328 1359

1329 1361

1330 1362

1331 1363

1332 1364

1333 1365

1334 1366

1335 1367

1336 1368

1337 1369

1338 1370

1339 1371

1340 1372

1341 1373

1342 1374

1343 1375

1344 1376

1345 1377

1346 1378

1347 1379

1348 1380

1349 1381

1350 1382

1351 1383

1352 1384

1353 1385

1354 1387

1355 1388

1356 1389

1357 1390

1358 1391

1359 1392

1360 1393

1361 1394

1362 1395

1363 1396

1364 1397

1365 1398

1366 1399

1367 1400

1368 1401

1369 1402

1370 1403

1371 1404

1372 1405

1373 1406

1374 1407

1375 1408

1376 1409

1377 1410

1378 1411

1379 1412

1380 1413

1381 1414

1382 1415

1383 1416

1384 1417

1385 1418

1386 1419

1387 1420

1388 1421

1389 1422

1390 1423

1391 1424

1392 1425

1393 1426

1394 1427

1395 1428

1396 1429

1397 1430

1398 1431

1399 1432

1400 1433

1401 1434

1402 1435

1403 1436

1404 1437

1405 1438

1406 1439

1407 1440

1408 1441

1409 1442

1410 1443

1411 1444

1412 1445

1413 1446

1414 1447

1415 1448

1416 1449

1417 1450

1418 1451

1419 1452

1420 1453

1421 1454

1422 1455

1423 1457

1424 1458

1425 1459

1426 1460

1427 1461

1428 1462

1429 1463

1430 1464

1431 1465

1432 1466

1433 1467

1434 1468

1435 1469

1436 1470

1437 1471

1438 1472

1439 1473

1440 1474

1441 1475

1442 1476

1443 1477

1444 1478

1445 1479

1446 1480

1447 1481

1448 1482

1449 1483

1450 1484

1451 1485

1452 1486

1453 1487

1454 1489

1455 1490

1456 1491

1457 1492

1458 1493

1459 1494

1460 1495

1461 1496

Volume I

Volume I

Pascal Richet

Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, FranceEarth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität, Munich, Germany

Editorial advising

Reinhard Conradt

UniglassAC GmbH, Aachen, Germany

Akira Takada

University College London, London, UKEhime University, Matsuyama, Japan

Infography

Joël Dyon

Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris, France

Copyright © 2021 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Pascal Richet to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.