Clinical Cases in Paramedicine

109 103

110 104

111 105

112 106

113 107

114 108

115 109

116 110

117 111

118 112

119 113

120 114

121 115

122 116

123 117

124 118

125 119

126 120

127 121

128 122

129 123

130 124

131 125

132 126

133 127

134 128

135 129

136 130

137 131

138 132

139 133

140 134

141 135

142 136

143 137

144 138

145 139

146 140

147 141

148 142

149 143

150 144

151 145

152 146

153 147

154 148

155 149

156 150

157 151

158 152

159 153

160 154

161 155

162 156

163 157

164 158

165 159

166 160

167 161

168 162

169 163

170 164

171 165

172 166

173 167

174 168

175 169

176 170

177 171

178 172

179 173

180 174

181 175

182 176

183 177

184 178

185 179

186 180

187 181

188 182

189 183

190 184

191 185

192 186

193 187

194 188

195 189

196 190

197 191

198 192

199 193

200 194

201 195

202 196

203 197

204 198

205 199

206 200

207 201

208 202

209 203

210 204

211 205

212 206

213 207

214 208

215 209

216 210

217 211

218 212

219 213

220 214

221 215

222 216

223 217

224 218

225 219

226 220

227 221

228 222

229 223

230 224

231 225

232 226

233 227

234 228

235 229

236 230

237 231

238 232

239 233

240 234

241 235

242 236

243 237

244 238

245 239

246 240

247 241

248 242

249 243

250 244

251 245

252 246

253 247

254 248

255 249

256 250

257 251

258 252

259 253

260 254

261 255

262 256

263 257

264 258

265 259

266 260

267 261

268 262

269 263

270 264

271 265

272 266

273 267

274 268

275 269

276 270

277 271

278 272

279 273

280 274

281 275

282 276

283 277

284 278

285 279

286 280

287 281

288 282

289 283

290 284

291 285

292 286

293 287

294 288

295 289

296 290

297 291

298 292

299 293

300 294

301 295

302 296

303 297

304 298

305 299

306 300

307 301

308 302

309 303

310 304

311 305

312 306

313 307

314 308

315 309

316 310

317 311

318 312

319 313

320 314

321 315

322 316

323 317

324 318

325 319

326 320

327 321

328 322

329 323

330 324

331 325

332 326

333 327

334 328

335 329

336 330

337 331

338 332

339 333

340 334

341 335

342 336

343 337

344 338

345 339

346 340

347 341

348 342

349 343

350 344

351 345

352 346

353 347

354 348

355 349

356 350

357 351

358 352

359 353

360 354

361 355

362 356

363 357

364 358

365 359

366 360

367 361

This text is being finalised for publication during the COVID‐19 global pandemic. Many healthcare workers have lost their lives during this time while looking after those who contracted the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. Therefore this text is dedicated to all those healthcare workers and paramedics who continue to look after the sick when faced with adversity and at risk to their own lives.

Also in memory of Brian Mfula, lecturer in mental health nursing at Swansea University, Wales, UK and co‐author of Chapter 12, who tragically lost his life to COVID‐19.

Edited by

Sam Willis

Lecturer in Paramedicine

Curtin University

Western Australia

Australia

Ian Peate

Head of School, School of Health Studies

Gibraltar Health Authority, St Bernard’s Hospital

Gibraltar

Rod Hill

Head of Scool of Biomedical Sciences

Charles Sturt University

NSW, Australia

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Sam Willis, Ian Peate and Rod Hill to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.