Space Physics and Aeronomy, Space Weather Effects and Applications

244 Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid Jennifer L. Gannon, Andrei Swidinsky, and Zhonghua Xu (Eds.)

245 Shale: Subsurface Science and Engineering Thomas Dewers, Jason Heath, and Marcelo Sánchez (Eds.)

246 Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits From Outcrops to Seismic Profiles Kei Ogata, Andrea Festa, and Gian Andrea Pini (Eds.)

247 Iceland: Tectonics, Volcanics, and Glacial Features Tamie J. Jovanelly

248 Dayside Magnetosphere Interactions Qiugang Zong, Philippe Escoubet, David Sibeck, Guan Le, and Hui Zhang (Eds.)

249 Carbon in Earth’s Interior Craig E. Manning, Jung‐Fu Lin, and Wendy L. Mao (Eds.)

250 Nitrogen Overload: Environmental Degradation, Ramifications, and Economic Costs Brian G. Katz

251 Biogeochemical Cycles: Ecological Drivers and Environmental Impact Katerina Dontsova, Zsuzsanna Balogh‐Brunstad, and Gaël Le Roux (Eds.)

252 Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments, and Applications Niels Grobbe, André Revil, Zhenya Zhu, and Evert Slob (Eds.)

253 El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate Michael J. McPhaden, Agus Santoso, Wenju Cai (Eds.)

254 Dynamic Magma Evolution Francesco Vetere (Ed.)

255 Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes Richard. E. Ernst, Alexander J. Dickson, Andrey Bekker (Eds.)

256 Coastal Ecosystems in Transition: A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay Thomas C. Malone, Alenka Malej, Jadran Faganeli (Eds.)

257 Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation Allen Hunt, Markus Egli, Boris Faybishenko (Eds.)

258 Solar Physics and Solar Wind Nour E. Raouafi and Angelos Vourlidas (Eds.)

259 Magnetospheres in the Solar System Romain Maggiolo, Nicolas André, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Daniel T. Welling (Eds.)

260 Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications Chaosong Huang and Gang Lu (Eds.)

261 Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics Wenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang (Eds.)

Anthea J. Coster Philip J. Erickson Louis J. Lanzerotti

Editors

Yongliang Zhang Larry J. Paxton

Collection Editors in Chief

This Work is a co‐publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 American Geophysical Union

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Carol Frost, Chair, Publications Committee

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Coster, A. J. (Anthea J.), editor. | Erickson, Philip, J. 1965– editor. | Lanzerotti, Louis J., editor.

Title: Space weather effects and applications / Anthea J. Coster, Philip J. Erickson, Louis J. Lanzerotti, editors.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐American Geophysical Union, 2021. | Series: Geophysical monograph series | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020042802 | ISBN 9781119507574 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119815594 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119815587 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Technology–Environmental aspects. | Space environment.

Classification: LCC TD174 .S673 2021 | DDC 600–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042802

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © John Oertel, Green Pepper Media LLC, provided courtesy of Dr. Lanzerotti

Daniel N. BakerLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado, USA

Timothy S. BastianNational Radio Astronomy Observatory Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

Michael BodeauNorthrup Grumman Aerospace Systems Redondo Beach, California, USA (ret.)

Gary S. BustJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel, Maryland, USA

Anthea J. CosterHaystack Observatory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Westford, Massachusetts, USA

Philip J. EricksonHaystack Observatory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Westford, Massachusetts, USA

Dale E. GaryCenter for Solar‐Terrestrial Research New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, New Jersey, USA

John KappenmanStorm Analysis Consultants Duluth, Minnesota, USA