Substrate-Integrated Millimeter-Wave Antennas for Next-Generation Communication and Radar Systems

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Division of a CBA for electromagnetic analysis.Figure 6.2 Rectangular SIW CBA fed by (a) and (b) microstrip line, (c) and (...Figure 6.3 (a) Rectangular SIW backing‐cavity and (b) circular SIW backing‐c...Figure 6.4 Rectangular SIW backing‐cavity resonances at a single mode. (a) T...Figure 6.5 Rectangular SIW. (a) HM‐cavity I, (b) HM‐cavity II, (c) QM‐cavity...Figure 6.6 (a) Straight slot, (b) wide slot, and (c) I‐shaped slot.Figure 6.7 Dual‐slot configurations. (a) Parallel slot, (b) Greek cross‐slot...Figure 6.8 (a) T‐shape slot, (b) H‐shape slot, (c) triangular slot, (d) spoo...Figure 6.9 Non‐resonant slot configuration. (a) V‐shaped slot, (b) bow‐tie‐s...Figure 6.10 SIW CBSA with different slot WLR. (a) WLR = 0.12, (b) WLR = 0.4,...Figure 6.11 Simulated return loss of the SIW cavity‐backed slot antennas wit...Figure 6.12 Simulated radiation patterns of the SIW cavity‐backed slot anten...Figure 6.13 Simulated electric field distribution at 60 GHz in the slots of ...Figure 6.14 Simulated gain of the SIW cavity‐backed slot antennas with diffe...Figure 6.15 Geometry of the 2 × 4 antenna array prototypes. (a) Top view and...Figure 6.16 Photograph of the fabricated 2 × 4 arrays. (a) WLR = 0.12, (b) W...Figure 6.17 (a) Simulated return loss and (b) the measured return loss of th...Figure 6.18 Simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns of the 2 × ...Figure 6.19 (a) Simulated gain and (b) measured gain of the arrays with diff...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 A summary of CP antenna element selection for mmW applications.Figure 7.2 Selected microstrip antennas as the elements of mmW CP antenna ar...Figure 7.3 Examples of helix or spiral antennas as the elements of mmW CP an...Figure 7.4 Examples of aperture or slot antennas as the elements of mmW CP a...Figure 7.5 Examples of other types of elements of mmW CP array. (a) Slot‐cou...Figure 7.6 AR bandwidth enhancement methods.Figure 7.7 Examples of different SRFNs. (a) Slot‐coupled SRFN in [11], (b) p...Figure 7.8 Side view of the 4 × 4 antenna array with a feed network [32].Figure 7.9 Geometry of the proposed antenna element (unit: mm). (a) Side vie...Figure 7.10 Simulated results of the element in Figure 7.9. (a) Reflection c...Figure 7.11 Snapshots of the time varying current distributions on the patch...Figure 7.12 Geometry and the simulated results of the two‐element array. (a)...Figure 7.13 Geometry and simulated results of the two‐element array with a m...Figure 7.14 Simulated results of the single element with the via‐fence. (a) ...Figure 7.15 (a) Photograph of the fabricated antenna prototype and the measu...Figure 7.16 (a) The thicknesses at different positions and (b) measured and ...Figure 7.17 Measured and simulated radiation patterns at 60 GHz of (a) xz ‐pl...Figure 7.18 (a) Measured and simulated gains and (b) simulated gains using d...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Full reflection between the boundary of two media with different ...Figure 8.2 (a) The sketch of a probe‐fed microstrip patch antenna and (b) el...Figure 8.3 The geometry of an annular patch antenna and its magnetic current...Figure 8.4 (a) The annular patch having a central air core of radius of c an...Figure 8.5 The microstrip patch antenna backed by a cavity.Figure 8.6 (a) The EBG structure used for improving isolation between the pa...Figure 8.7 (a) Geometry, (b) simulated |S 11| and gain of an aperture‐coupled...Figure 8.8 (a) Geometry and impedance matching against frequency and (b) nor...Figure 8.9 (a) Two aperture‐coupled patch antennas placed opposite to each o...Figure 8.10 Three aperture‐coupled patch antennas.Figure 8.11 Comparison of the simulated performance. (a) |S 11| and (b) gain ...Figure 8.12 (a) A 4 × 4 array design with open air cavities by the radiating...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Radar subsystems in ADASs [4].Figure 9.2 Dielectric lens antenna with switched beams.Figure 9.3 Reflector antenna with switched beams.Figure 9.4 (a) Automotive radar sensor using microstrip antenna elements to ...Figure 9.5 Schematic diagram of beamforming techniques. (a) Analog beamformi...Figure 9.6 Array antenna with grounded parasitic rhombic patch antenna eleme...Figure 9.7 Geometry of the two‐layer Rotman lens‐fed antenna array that cons...Figure 9.8 The fabricated two‐layer Rotman lens‐fed antenna. (a) The bottom ...Figure 9.9 SIW parasitic antenna array [35].Figure 9.10 Exploded view of the pillbox antenna integrating monopulse ampli...Figure 9.11 Ideal radiation pattern of an antenna supporting MLRR (horizonta...Figure 9.12 Photograph of the SIW slot antenna array for MLRR sensors [37]....Figure 9.13 16‐element phased array antenna including antennas and LO rat‐ra...Figure 9.14 Micrograph of the bottom view of a four‐channel radar sensor wit...Figure 9.15 Top and bottom view of the CPW fed SIW slot array antenna. (a) T...Figure 9.16 Simulation model of the two 1 × 16 linear arrays located end to ...Figure 9.17 H ‐plane radiation patterns of the linear arrays with different d Figure 9.18 Input impedances at various reference planes of the feeding netw...Figure 9.19 Detailed geometry of the feeding network. (a) CPW‐SIW transition...Figure 9.20 Simulated S‐parameters of the CPW feeding network. (a) Amplitude...Figure 9.21 Measured and simulated |S 11| of the antenna array.Figure 9.22 Measured and simulated boresight gains of the antenna array.Figure 9.23 Measured and simulated H ‐plane side lobe levels of the antenna a...Figure 9.24 Measured and simulated H ‐plane HPBW of the antenna array.Figure 9.25 Measured and simulated H ‐plane radiation patterns of the antenna...Figure 9.26 Measured and simulated E ‐plane radiation patterns of the antenna...Figure 9.27 Configuration of the co‐planar unit‐cell. (a) Cross sectional vi...Figure 9.28 S‐parameter of the 0° and 180° unit‐cells. (a) Magnitude and (b)...Figure 9.29 Configuration of 1‐bit phase state of the 20 × 20 unit‐cells.Figure 9.30 Simulated gain patterns of the SIW slot antenna with/without tra...Figure 9.31 Transmit‐array prototype at 76.5 GHz. (a) Receive‐ and transmit‐...Figure 9.32 (a) Assembly of the co‐planar transmit‐array with four SIW slot ...Figure 9.33 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the co‐planar trans...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Series‐fed SIW slot antenna array along the H ‐plane.Figure 10.2 SIW based E ‐plane series feeding network. (a) Series coupling sl...Figure 10.3 Examples of series‐fed SIW slot arrays. (a) Series coupling slot...Figure 10.4 Examples of parallel/corporate SIW feeding network. (a) Uniform ...Figure 10.5 Examples of quasi‐optics SIW feeding network. (a) Flat lens‐base...Figure 10.6 Configuration of SIW T‐junctions. (a) Conventional equal output ...Figure 10.7 Configuration of the double‐layer 8 × 8 SIW slot antenna array. ...Figure 10.8 Parameter extracting curves.Figure 10.9 Feeding network of 8 × 8 SIW slot array. (a) Simplified model an...Figure 10.10 Fabricated 8 × 8 SIW slot array.Figure 10.12 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the SIW slot ...Figure 10.11 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the SIW slot array....Figure 10.13 Parametric study of fabrication error err xfor the SIW slot arr...Figure 10.14 Configuration of a 16 × 16 SIW monopulse slot array. (a) First ...Figure 10.15 Simulated radiation pattern of the SIW radiating slots based on...Figure 10.16 Configuration of the series T‐junction feeding network for 16 ×...Figure 10.17 Simulated results of series T‐junction based feeding network. (...Figure 10.18 Configuration of (a) 90° 3‐dB directional coupler and (b) 90° p...Figure 10.20 Simulated (a) amplitude response and (b) phase response of mono...Figure 10.21 Photography of the fabricated 16 × 16 monopulse SIW slot array....Figure 10.22 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients.Figure 10.19 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of (a) sum beams and (...