Bovine Reproduction

6 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Regression lines for paired testes weight (PTW) according to scro... Figure 6.2 Top : regression curves for scrotal circumference (SC) according t... Figure 6.3 Scrotal circumference (± 90% confidence interval) in beef bulls o... Figure 6.4 Mean scrotal circumference (SC) in registered yearling bulls acco... Figure 6.5 Mean scrotal circumference (SC) in yearling bulls. Charolais: n =... Figure 6.6 Weighted mean scrotal circumference (SC) reported for two‐year‐ol... Figure 6.7 Mean (± SEM) scrotal circumference (SC) according to age ( top ) an... Figure 6.8 Mean (± SEM) scrotal circumference (SC) and testicular ultrasonog... Figure 6.9 Top : Mean sperm viability and morphology according to age in Angu... Figure 6.10 Prevalence of proximal droplets in ejaculates from bulls of vari... Figure 6.11 Mean (± SEM) scrotal circumference (SC), testicular vascular con...

7 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 The SFT electronic BBSE form. Figure 7.2 An example of the BBSE report from the Australian system. The cer... Figure 7.3 An example of BBSE data collection options provided by BullCheck ... Figure 7.4 As with the South African system, Australian BBSE reports have a ... Figure 7.5 The standard veterinary BBSE certificate used in South Africa. Figure 7.6 Explanatory notes accompanying the South African BBSE certificate...

8 Chapter 8 Figure 8.1 A three‐year‐old Angus bull that exhibits the screw claw abnormal... Figure 8.2 Examination of the oral cavity and dentition to assess aging. Figure 8.3 The correct way to measure SC. The testes are pushed toward the b... Figure 8.4 Transrectal palpation to evaluate the internal reproductive tract...

9 Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 Lane Pulsator V and two‐electrode probe with vertical yoke. Figure 9.2 Semen collection handle, cone, and vial. Figure 9.3 White blood cells (neutrophils) on a Diff Quik stained smear. Not... Figure 9.4 White blood cells (wbc), a speroid cell (sc), detached head (dh),... Figure 9.5 Semen smear preparation. Figure 9.6 Cell counter with keys labeled for sperm cell morphology. Figure 9.7 Normal sperm stained with eosin‐nigrosin. The dark staining sperm... Figure 9.8 A sperm with a bowed midpiece and a sperm displaying hypotonic sh... Figure 9.9 Tapered head and a detached, pyriform head. Figure 9.10 Sperm with diadem vacuoles (presentation 1). Figure 9.11 Sperm with diadem vacuoles (presentation 2). Figure 9.12 Sperm with confluent vacuoles and sperm with distal midpiece ref... Figure 9.13 Macrocephalic sperm with double tail (center). Figure 9.14 Sperm with the knobbed acrosome defect: indented form (left); be... Figure 9.15 Proximal cytoplasmic droplets. Figure 9.16 Distal midpiece reflexes with and without droplet material and d... Figure 9.17 Three images all showing distal midpiece reflexes. Figure 9.18 Mitochondrial sheath defect. Figure 9.19 Stump tail defect. Figure 9.20 Dag defect. Figure 9.21 Coiled principal piece.

10 Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 Caudal ultrasonographic views of the left testis of a yearling d... Figure 10.2 Sagittal view of the left testis of a mature bull with small hyp... Figure 10.3 Sagittal view of a testis with small hyperechoic foci (large arr... Figure 10.4 Sagittal view of a testis with multiple linear radiating hyperec... Figure 10.5 Sagittal view of the right ventral testis of an aged beef bull. ... Figure 10.6 Sagittal views of the left and right testes of a yearling dairy ... Figure 10.7 Transverse view of the testis containing two discrete hypoechoic... Figure 10.8 Sagittal view of the left testis of a mature Holstein bull that ... Figure 10.9 Sagittal view of the testis. Note the hypoechoic dilations (arro... Figure 10.10 Sagittal view of the ventral testis (large arrow) and tail of t... Figure 10.11 Transverse view of the ventral aspect of the right testis of an... Figure 10.12 Sagittal view of the dorsal testis. The small arrow points to a... Figure 10.13 Sagittal view of the vascular cone (between small arrows) just ... Figure 10.14 Midline sagittal view of the body of the prostate gland (ovoid ... Figure 10.15 Sagittal view of the urethralis just caudal to the body of the ... Figure 10.16 Sagittal view of the bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland (between ar... Figure 10.17 Sagittal view of the ampulla (between small arrows). Note the d... Figure 10.18 Oblique view of the seminal vesicle (horizontal tissue between ... Figure 10.19 Oblique view of the seminal vesicle (above vertical arrows). Th... Figure 10.20 Sagittal view of the vascular cone using color Doppler mode. Th... Figure 10.21 Sagittal color Doppler image of the testis illustrating blood f...

11 Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Bulls going into a chute. Figure 12.2 Ideal conditions for housing bulls in central Texas, Elgin Breed... Figure 12.3 Semen canisters for storage of frozen semen and embryos. Note th... Figure 12.4 Collection area. Figure 12.5 Proper technique for collection of bull semen. Figure 12.6 A well‐designed work area for performing lameness examinations a... Figure 12.7 Assisting in preparation of hoof block application.

12 Chapter 13 Figure 13.1 An ultrasonogram of testis scored as having mild fibrosis. Figure 13.2 An ultrasonogram of testis scored as having very severe fibrosis... Figure 13.3 Cross‐section of a bull testis with fibrotic lesions that appear... Figure 13.4 Ultrasonogram of a testis with fibrotic lesions radiating from t...

13 Chapter 14 Figure 14.1 Normal vesicular glands. Figure 14.2 Vesicular adenitis with enlargement and loss of lobulation. Figure 14.3 Placement of a 14‐gauge needle through the skin. Figure 14.4 Passing a 30‐cm, 18‐gauge needle through the 14‐gauge needle int... Figure 14.5 After removing the stylus from the needle, the proper solution i...

14 Chapter 15 Figure 15.1 (a) Failure of separation of the epithelium of the free portion ... Figure 15.2 Persistent frenulum. The presence of the persistent frenulum was... Figure 15.3 Preputial laceration in a breeding bull. The laceration assumed ... Figure 15.4 Preputial laceration with prolapse of the damaged preputial tiss... Figure 15.5 Wound contracture and fibrosis at the site of a preputial lacera... Figure 15.6 Bandaging of the prolapsed preputial tissues following applicati... Figure 15.7 Burlap “bib” applied to the bull's abdomen to suspend the edemat... Figure 15.8 Retropreputial abscess following preputial laceration in a young... Figure 15.9 Phimosis due to circumferential stricture of the preputial cavit... Figure 15.10 Phimosis due to the presence of a penile fibropapilloma larger ... Figure 15.11 Preputial avulsion. Notice the separation of the attachment of ... Figure 15.12 Normal cavernosogram. Contrast media injected into the CCP at t... Figure 15.13 Cavernosogram demonstrating multiple shunts from distal caverno... Figure 15.14 (a) Spiral deviation of the penis demonstrated during a test ma... Figure 15.15 Ventral deviation of the penis demonstrated during stimulation ... Figure 15.16 Ventral deviation of the penis demonstrated during a test matin... Figure 15.17 Urethral fistula. Figure 15.18 Paraphimosis following traumatic injury to the preputial trauma... Figure 15.19 Hematoma of the penis (rupture of tunica albuginea). Note the l... Figure 15.20 Preputial prolapse associated with penile hematoma due to ruptu... Figure 15.21 Bull prepared for cavernosography. Note suture placed through t... Figure 15.22 Cavernosogram of the penis of a bull demonstrating escape of co... Figure 15.23 Failure of the distal portion of the penis to become erect due ... Figure 15.24 Failed attempt at copulation due to denervation injury of the p... Figure 15.25 Electrodes and stimulator in place for nerve conduction study o...

15 Chapter 16 Figure 16.1 Looks can be deceiving – a calf with spastic paresis. Figure 16.2 Cellulitis involving the right forelimb and interdigital fibroma... Figure 16.3 Nice alleyway for evaluation of lameness, with room to turn the ... Figure 16.4 Crowd alley leading to hydraulic table that enables practitioner... Figure 16.5 Bull prepared for placement in lateral recumbency on hydraulic t... Figure 16.6 Bull in lateral recumbency on hydraulic tilt table. Observe the ... Figure 16.7 The down forelimb tied in a tilting hydraulic chute to discourag... Figure 16.8 Evidence of rumen tympany and/or regurgitation of rumen contents... Figure 16.9 Vascular perfusion used for local anesthesia as well as treatmen... Figure 16.10 Acute laminitis in a Hereford bull on self‐feeder. Figure 16.11 Severe white line disease and hoof crack as a result of chronic... Figure 16.12 Subclinical laminitis with hardship lines present as horizontal... Figure 16.13 Vertical fissure in hoof wall due to subclinical laminitis. Figure 16.14 Sepsis of the DIP joint with sequestrum formation. Figure 16.15 Dressing change post DIP joint currretage. Notice the gauze pac... Figure 16.16 Corkscrew claw on the lateral claw of a Brahman bull. Figure 16.17 Digital dermatitis (hairy heel wart). Figure 16.18 Interdigital fibroma can be misleading; this one does not appea... Figure 16.19 Sole view of interdigital fibroma. Notice the ulceration that h... Figure 16.20 Sequestrum formation of the lateral cortex of MTIII in a yearli... Figure 16.21 Mature bred female experiencing upward fixation of the patella.... Figure 16.22 Excellent drug combo to facilitate brief examination of procedu... Figure 16.23 Bilateral partial rupture of the gastrocmenius tendon from its ... Figure 16.24 Osteochrondrosis lesion in a yearling bull from gain test. Noti... Figure 16.25 Typical appearance of an OCD‐affected tarsus (boggy hock). Figure 16.26 Osteochrondrosis lesion in the talus of a show steer. Figure 16.27 Excellent treatment for transport of a comminuted fracture of M... Figure 16.28 Use of a pin cast and external fixators to stabilize a comminut... Figure 16.29 Thomas splint/cast and external fixators to immobilize severely... Figure 16.30 Fractured humerus with mild radial nerve involvement in a matur... Figure 16.31 Trimming the overgrown claw resulting from chronic subclinical ... Figure 16.32 First step in trimming of the hoof is shortening the claw to an... Figure 16.33 Completed trimming of a grossly overgrown hoof.